Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34736447›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2021

A socio-ecological analysis of factors influencing HIV treatment initiation and adherence among key populations in Papua New Guinea.

Elke Mitchell, Avi Hakim, Somu Nosi, Martha Kupul, Ruthy Boli-Neo, Herick Aeno, Michelle Redman-Maclaren, Sophie Ase, Angelyn Amos, Parker Hou and 6 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
0.6field-weighted citation impact, top 29% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.

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  3. The Critical Importance of Clinical Use Case to Inform Point-of-Care Technology Development: A Case Study of HIV Nucleic Acid Assays in the United States.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Elke MitchellThe Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Avi HakimDivision of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Somu NosiSexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.
Martha KupulSexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.
Ruthy Boli-NeoSexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.
Herick AenoSexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.
Michelle Redman-MaclarenThe Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Sophie AseSexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.
Angelyn AmosSexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.
Parker HouSexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.
Rebecca NarokobiSexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.
Barne WillieSexual and Reproductive Health Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.
Andrew J VallelyThe Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
John M KaldorThe Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Steven G BadmanThe Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Angela Kelly-HankuThe Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia. a.kelly@unsw.edu.au.
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research · PGCenters for Disease Control and Prevention · USJames Cook University · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn Papua New Guinea (PNG) members of key populations, including female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW), have higher rates of HIV compared to the general adult population and low engagement in HIV care. This paper examines the socio-ecological factors that encourage or hinder HIV treatment initiation and adherence among HIV positive members of key populations in PNG.

methodsAs part of a larger biobehavioural survey of key populations in PNG, 111 semi-structured interviews were conducted with FSW, MSM and TGW, of whom 28 identified as living with HIV. Interviews from 28 HIV positive participants are used in this analysis of the influences that enabled or inhibited HIV treatment initiation and treatment adherence.

resultsEnablers included awareness of the biomedical benefits of treatment; experiences of the social, familial and health benefits of early treatment initiation and adherence; support provided by family and friends; and non-judgmental and supportive HIV service provision. Factors that inhibited treatment initiation and adherence included perception of good health and denial of HIV diagnosis; poor family support following positive diagnosis; and anonymity and stigma concerns in HIV care services.

conclusionExploring health promotion messages that highlight the positive health impacts of early treatment initiation and adherence; providing client-friendly services and community-based treatment initiation and supply; and rolling out HIV viral load testing across the country could improve health outcomes for these key populations.

Indexed as

HIV InfectionsSexual and Gender MinoritiesSex WorkersTransgender PersonsAdultFemaleHomosexuality, MaleHumansMalePapua New GuineaAdherenceHIV care cascadeHIV treatmentKey populationsPapua New GuineaQualitative

Identifiers

PMID34736447
PMCPMC8567601
OpenAlexW3208646337

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.