ArticleMolecular biology of the cell2021
The two-hit theory hits 50.
Article in Molecular biology of the cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide meta-analysis across East Asian and European populations provides insights into the molecular basis of lung cancer.Genome medicine · 2026Pooled it
- The cumulative impact of passenger mutations on cancer development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Rescuing the Function of Missense-Mutated Tumor SuppressorbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Measurable residual disease testing in acute myeloid leukemia: current state, foundational models, and tools for future development.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
- Whole-Blood Expression of Candidate Genes Linked with Pheochromocytoma in Post-Surgery Patients: A Pilot Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Primordial germ cell-like cells residing in the pituitary may serve as the origin of intracranial germ cell tumors.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Metabolic reprogramming in diabetes and other endocrine and metabolic disorders: exploring the Warburg effect, ketones, and SGLT2 inhibitors.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Coexistence of histologically distinct intracranial tumors: Case series, literature review, and meta-analysis.Surgical neurology international · 2026Review
- Uncovering minimal pathways in melanoma initiation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Exploring the Genetic Orchestra of Cancer: The Interplay Between Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes.Cancers · 2025Review
- Bayesian analysis of the rate of spontaneous malignant mesothelioma among BAP1 mutant mice in the absence of asbestos exposure.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Global, regional and national burden due to retinoblastoma in children aged younger than 10 years from 1990 to 2021.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Mediastinal Teratoma with Nephroblastomatous Elements: Case Report, Literature Review, and Comparison with Maturing Fetal Glomerulogenic Zone/Definitive Zone Ratio and Nephrogenic Rests.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- KRIT1 in vascular biology and beyond.Bioscience reports · 2024Review
- Co-expression in tissue-specific gene networks links genes in cancer-susceptibility loci to known somatic driver genes.BMC medical genomics · 2024Article
- Genetic and biological drivers of prostate cancer disparities in Black men.Nature reviews. Urology · 2024Review
- Review
- An evolutionary perspective for the exposome.Exposome · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Few ideas in cancer genetics have been as influential as the "two-hit" theory of tumor suppressors. This idea was introduced in 1971 by Al Knudson in a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science and forms the basis for our current understanding of the role of mutations in cancer. In this theoretical discussion proposing a genetic basis for retinoblastoma, a childhood cancer of the retina, Knudson posited that these tumors arise from two inactivating mutations, targeting both alleles of a putative tumor suppressor gene. While this work built on earlier proposals that cancers are the result of mutations in more than one gene, it was the first to propose a plausible mechanism by which single genes that are affected by germ-line mutations in heritable cancers could also cause spontaneous, nonheritable tumors when mutated in somatic tissues. Remarkably, Knudson described the existence and properties of a retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene a full 15 years before the gene was cloned.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.