ArticleThe Lancet regional health. Western Pacific2021
Compulsory Community Treatment Orders in New Zealand and the provision of care: An examination of national databases and predictors of outcome.
Article in The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- The benefits and harms of community treatment orders for people diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses: A rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Long-term trends in age at psychiatric admission (2006-2022): influence of sex, diagnosis, and admission type in a single Italian catchment.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Article
- Understanding compulsory community treatment across Australian jurisdictions: insights from three different data sources.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Factors influencing the outcomes of Community Treatment Orders: state-wide study using linked administrative health data from New South Wales, Australia.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Immigrant, racialised and ethno-culturally diverse communities and community treatment orders: A scoping review.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2025Article
- Restricting community treatment orders to people with non-affective psychosis is needed to reduce use and improve subsequent outcomes: Queensland-wide cohort study.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2025Article
- Coercive, treatment or sensible: What is the place of community treatment orders in psychiatry?The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Liberty or life: the Aotearoa New Zealand perspective.CNS spectrums · 2025Review
- Compulsory Community Treatment Orders and health outcomes for Ma-ori in New Zealand.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- Temporal patterns and individual characteristics of compulsory treatment orders for mental disorders in Scotland from 2007 to 2020.BJPsych open · 2024Article
- Latest findings highlight the continuing uncertainty over the utility of compulsory psychiatric treatment in the community.BJPsych open · 2024Article
- [Compulsory community treatment orders (CTOs): recent research and future directions].BJPsych open · 2023Article
- Benefits following community treatment orders have an inverse relationship with rates of use: meta-analysis and meta-regression.BJPsych open · 2023Review
- The association between Compulsory Community Treatment Order status and mortality in New Zealand.BJPsych open · 2023Article
- Imprisonment following discharge from mental health units: A developing trend in New Zealand.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCompulsory Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) are contentious because they impose severe restrictions on individuals in community settings. The existing evidence for CTOs is constrained by ethical and methodological limitations and may not support usual clinical practise. This study examines the effectiveness of CTOs using routine data in the New Zealand context.
methodsMinistry of Health, New Zealand databases provided demographic, service use, and medication dispensing data for all individuals placed on a CTO between 2009 and 2018. We examined the effectiveness of CTOs through a comparison of psychiatric endpoints identified as useful in the literature according to CTO status. Further analyses examined the moderating influences of age, sex, ethnicity, and diagnosis on outcome.
findings14,726 patients were placed under a CTO over the 10 year period between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2018. Patients on CTOs experienced a reduced frequency of admissions (rate ratio of 0∙94, 95% CI 0.93-0.95, p<0.01) reduced admission days (rate ratio 0∙97, 95% CI 0.97-0.98 p<0∙01), increased frequency of psychiatric community contacts (rate ratio 3∙03, 95% CI 3.02-3.03 p<0.01), and increased dispensing of psychiatric medication (rate ratio 2.27, 95% CI 2.27-2.28, p<0.01). When sub-group analyses were undertaken, the association between treatment under a CTO and reduced admission frequency was only present for those with Psychotic Disorders.
interpretationCTOs in New Zealand are associated with increased community care, and increased dispensing of psychiatric medication. Patients with Psychotic Disorders also experienced reduced frequency and length of admissions whilst under a CTO.
fundingNo specific funding was received for this study.
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