ArticleScientific reports2021
Direct association between rainfall and non-typhoidal Salmonella bloodstream infections in hospital-admitted children in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the Effects of Climate Variability on Diarrheal Diseases, Malaria, and Malnutrition in Children Under Five Years in Revuè Sub-Basin, Manica Province, Mozambique.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- Non-typhoidal Salmonella co-infect and complicate Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children under-five: A prospective cohort study on clinical presentation and outcome in Kisantu district hospital, DR Congo.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Observational
- Geospatial Mapping of Pediatric Febrile Illness in Uganda to Inform Precision Public Health Interventions.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Epidemiology, resistance profiles, and molecular characteristics of pediatric salmonella isolates: prevalence of a clonalFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Too Hot, Too Wet: Bayesian Spatial Modeling of Climate-Driven Salmonella Risk in New South Wales, Australia, 1991-2022.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Developing a clinical prediction model to modify empirical antibiotics for non-typhoidal Salmonella bloodstream infection in children under-five in the Democratic Republic of Congo.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Environmental persistence of nontyphoidal Salmonella in an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya.PloS one · 2025Article
- Genotyping virulence and resistance profiles in salmonella isolated from diarrheic children in Nairobi city, Kenya.Gastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench · 2024Article
- Challenges of Antibiotic Formulations and Administration in the Treatment of Bloodstream Infections in Children Under Five Admitted to Kisantu Hospital, Democratic Republic of Congo.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Inflammasome activation and pyroptosis mediate coagulopathy and inflammation in Salmonella systemic infection.Microbiological research · 2023Article
- NontyphoidalOpen forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Prevalence of Salmonella in Stool During the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015-2018.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern ofIranian journal of microbiology · 2023Article
- What is the Source of Infections Causing Invasive NontyphoidalOpen forum infectious diseases · 2023Review
- Health itinerary-related survival of children under-five with severe malaria or bloodstream infection, DR Congo.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Invasive non-typhoidalFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Intestinal carriage of invasive non-typhoidalFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Case-control investigation of invasive Salmonella disease in Malawi reveals no evidence of environmental or animal transmission of invasive strains, and supports human to human transmission.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) ranks first among causes of bloodstream infection in children under five years old in the Democratic Republic of Congo and has a case fatality rate of 15%. Main host-associated risk factors are Plasmodium falciparum malaria, anemia and malnutrition. NTS transmission in sub-Saharan Africa is poorly understood. NTS bloodstream infections mostly occur during the rainy season, which may reflect seasonal variation in either environmental transmission or host susceptibility. We hypothesized that environment- and host-associated factors contribute independently to the seasonal variation in NTS bloodstream infections in children under five years old admitted to Kisantu referral hospital in 2013-2019. We used remotely sensed rainfall and temperature data as proxies for environmental factors and hospital data for host-associated factors. We used principal component analysis to disentangle the interrelated environment- and host-associated factors. With timeseries regression, we demonstrated a direct association between rainfall and NTS variation, independent of host-associated factors. While the latter explained 17.5% of NTS variation, rainfall explained an additional 9%. The direct association with rainfall points to environmental NTS transmission, which should be explored by environmental sampling studies. Environmental and climate change may increase NTS transmission directly or via host susceptibility, which highlights the importance of preventive public health interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.