ArticleNeurology2021
Association of Reproductive History With Brain MRI Biomarkers of Dementia Risk in Midlife.
Article in Neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on cognition.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic review ofFrontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Greater temporo-occipital gray matter volume and frontoparietal cortical thickness in post-menopausal women: a UK Biobank study.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Menopause and neurological disorders: a roadmap for research.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Endocrine modulation of cortical and retinal baseline perfusion across the menstrual cycle.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Article
- Hormone Therapy is Associated with Better Cognitive Performance in Postmenopausal Women: Insights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).Annals of geriatric medicine and research · 2026Article
- Associations of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy with incident dementia risk: a population-based cohort study.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy leads to steeper declines in gray matter volume and alterations in perfusion and brain bioenergetics.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Women's midlife: the front line of Alzheimer prevention.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Chronological age is differentially associated with cognitive performance according to climacteric stage: evidence from a Bayesian multivariate analysis in Chilean women.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of neuropsychiatric disease: a drug target Mendelian randomisation study.npj women's health · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent grey matter atrophy in Alzheimer's disease progression.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Reproductive factors and brain volume in community-dwelling individuals: the Ohasama Study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2026Article
- White matter microstructural and macrostructural profiles during midlife reveal sex differences between men and women at different menopausal stages.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy and Alzheimer's disease imaging biomarkers later in life.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Article
- Leveraging research into sex differences and steroid hormones to improve brain health.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Association of Menopause With Functional Outcomes and Disease Biomarkers in Women With Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology · 2025Observational
- Moving Beyond Depression: Mood Symptoms Across the Spectrum Relate to Tau Pathology in Older Women at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of aging & human development · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesTo examine associations between indicators of estrogen exposure from women's reproductive history and brain MRI biomarkers of Alzheimer disease (AD) in midlife.
methodsWe evaluated 99 cognitively normal women 52 ± 6 years of age and 29 men 52 ± 7 years of age with reproductive history data, neuropsychological testing, and volumetric MRI scans. We used multiple regressions to examine associations among reproductive history indicators, voxel-wise gray matter volume (GMV), and memory and global cognition scores, adjusting for demographics and midlife health indicators. Exposure variables were menopause status, age at menarche, age at menopause, reproductive span, hysterectomy status, number of children and pregnancies, and use of menopause hormonal therapy (HT) and hormonal contraceptives (HC).
resultsAll menopausal groups exhibited lower GMV in AD-vulnerable regions compared to men, with perimenopausal and postmenopausal groups also exhibiting lower GMV in temporal cortex compared to the premenopausal group. Reproductive span, number of children and pregnancies, and use of HT and HC were positively associated with GMV, chiefly in temporal cortex, frontal cortex, and precuneus, independent of age, DISCUSSION: Reproductive history events signaling more estrogen exposure such as premenopausal status, longer reproductive span, higher number of children, and use of HT and HC were associated with larger GMV in women in midlife. Further studies are needed to elucidate sex-specific biological pathways through which reproductive history influences cognitive aging and AD risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.