SynthesisAnticancer research2021
The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Leptomeningeal Disease: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Anticancer research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metastases in the Pineal Region: A Systematic Review of Clinical Features, Management Strategies, and Survival Outcomes.World neurosurgery · 2022Pooled it
- Extra-Neural Metastases From Primary Intracranial Ependymomas: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Outcomes and prognostic factors in melanoma patients with leptomeningeal disease: a retrospective cohort study.Melanoma research · 2026Article
- Leptomeningeal Disease: Current Approaches and Future Directions.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- Cerebral spinal fluid analyses and therapeutic implications for leptomeningeal metastatic disease.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with intracranial metastatic disease.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2023Review
- Review
- Intrathecal therapy for the management of leptomeningeal metastatic disease: a scoping review of the current literature and ongoing clinical trials.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
aimLeptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a debilitating complication of advanced malignancies. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may alter disease course. We analyzed the role and toxicity of ICIs in LMD. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe systematically reviewed the literature reporting on outcome data of patients with LMD treated with ICIs.
resultsWe included 14 studies encompassing 61 patients. Lung-cancer (44.3%), breast-cancer (27.9%), and melanoma (23.0%) were the most frequent primary tumors. Median duration of ICI-treatment was 7-months (range=0.5-58.0): pembrolizumab (49.2%), nivolumab (32.8%), ipilimumab (18.0%). Radiological responses included complete response (33.3%), partial response (12.5%), stable disease (33.3%), progressive disease (20.8%). Twenty-two patients developed ICI-related adverse-events, mild (100%) and/or severe (15.6%). Median progression-free and overall survival were 5.1 and 6.3 months, and 12-month survival was 32.1%. Survival correlated with ICI agents (p=0.042), but not with primary tumors (p=0.144). Patients receiving concurrent steroids showed worse survival (p=0.040).
conclusionICI therapy is well-tolerated in patients with LMD, but concurrent steroids may worsen survival.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.