ReviewBiomarker research2021
Risk factors for immune-related adverse events: what have we learned and what lies ahead?
Review in Biomarker research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cancer and treatment specific incidence rates of immune-related adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review.British journal of cancer · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and uncontrolled trials reporting on the use of checkpoint blockers in patients with cancer and pre-existing autoimmune disease.European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 2024Pooled it
- Pulmonary Toxicity Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Based Therapy: Current Perspectives and Future Directions.Drug safety · 2023Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccination in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Pooled it
- Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio as potential predictive markers of treatment response in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy and toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with or without chemotherapy treatment for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Anti-PD-1 Therapy and Long-Term Toxic Effects Among Patients With Melanoma.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, clinical applications, resistance and future directions.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Predictors of severe immune-related adverse events during first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics and therapies of multi-organ immune related adverse events.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Cancer cachexia-related monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells impair T-cell negative selection and predict immune-related adverse events.Liver research (Beijing, China) · 2025Article
- Analysis of second-line therapy in patients with prior pneumonitis receiving first-line combination immunotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Translational lung cancer research · 2025Article
- Modeling of kidney allograft rejection using hiPSC-derived kidney organoids and HLA-mismatched PBMCs: an in vitro co-culture system.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- Causal relationships between immune-related adverse events, immune cell characteristics, and plasma metabolites: insights from Mendelian randomization study.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Roles of the gut microbiota in immune-related adverse events: mechanisms and therapeutic intervention.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Dermatologic toxicities related to cancer immunotherapy.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- PD‑1/PD‑L1 immune checkpoint in bone and soft tissue tumors (Review).Molecular and clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Real-world data of immune-related adverse events in lung cancer patients receiving immune-checkpoint inhibitors.Immunotherapy · 2025Article
- The Benefits and Safety of Monoclonal Antibodies: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- The Good (Tumor Killing) and the Bad (Cardiovascular Complications) of Immunologic Checkpoint Inhibitors.Current cardiology reports · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have heralded the advent of a new era in oncology by holding the promise of prolonged survival in severe and otherwise treatment-refractory advanced cancers. However, the remarkable antitumor efficacy of these agents is overshadowed by their potential for inducing autoimmune toxic effects, collectively termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs). These autoimmune adverse effects are often difficult to predict, possibly permanent, and occasionally fatal. Hence, the identification of risk factors for irAEs is urgently needed to allow for prompt therapeutic intervention. This review discusses the potential mechanisms through which irAEs arise and summarizes the existing evidence regarding risk factors associated with the occurrence of irAEs. In particular, we examined available data regarding the effect of a series of clinicopathological and demographic factors on the risk of irAEs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.