Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34732175›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2021

Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding duration in Pakistan: a population-based cross-sectional study.

Sidra Arif, Hina Khan, Muhammad Aslam, Muhammad Farooq

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07225153 (Goat Milk-Derived Formula Alternatives vs. Undiluted Goat Milk in Babies Unable to Exclusively Breastfeed), which is not on this map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07225153 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Goat Milk-Derived Formula Alternatives vs. Undiluted Goat Milk in Babies Unable to Exclusively Breastfeed: Analysis of Growth Metrics and Biological Markers

TypeinterventionalSponsorAga Khan UniversityRan2025 to 2026Enrolled15ConditionsMalnutrition (Calorie), Infant Nutrition Disorder, Growth Flatering, Gut MicrobiomeArmsGMDFA, Undiluted Goat Milk
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Sidra ArifCrop Reporting Service, Agriculture Department Punjab, Jhang, Pakistan.
Hina KhanDepartment of Statistics, GC University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. hinakhan@gcu.edu.pk.
Muhammad AslamDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia. aslam_ravian@hotmail.com.ORCID 0000-0003-0644-1950
Muhammad FarooqDepartment of Statistics, GC University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundBreastfeeding has the most profound impact on infant health and wellness, and also have significant implications for the mother. The duration of the breastfeeding determines the infant's protection from malnutrition and other common infectious diseases; consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) six months, followed by gradual weaning and breastfeeding until the baby is two years old. In Pakistan, the practice of breastfeeding is heavily dependent upon certain demographic, economic, social, and biological factors, which ultimately impact the quality of care provided to the infant and their health. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to measure the impact of these factors on the exclusive breastfeeding duration in Pakistan.

methodsThe data for the study has been collected from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) for the year 2017-18. Binary logistic regression model and survival analysis are used to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

resultsWe use a binary logistic regression to estimate the effect of each factor on the duration of EBF. The binary logistic regression finds significant relationships between region, maternal education, wealth index, size of a child, watching television, delivery by cesarean, and maternal age and EBF. We then use log-likelihood, AIC, BIC criteria to determine if a parametric or non-parametric model would provide a better fit; based on these results we fit an Inverse Gaussian (Weibull) distribution for the survival analysis. These results show that there are more significant factors associated with EBF duration in parametric survival analysis than in the binary logistic regression results. Thus, the survival analysis is a better method for predicting the relationship between the duration of EBF and its factors. Furthermore, logically EBF is designated to be done for six months which would not be properly gauged with a binary response variable.

conclusionsThe results of this study provide proof that exclusive breastfeeding is a common practice among women in Pakistan, and to improve the quality of post-natal care, health policy in the country needs to focus on the existing demographic and social factors which are found significant in this study.

Indexed as

Breast FeedingMothersChildChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansInfantInfant HealthPakistanPregnancyBinary logistic regression analysisDemographic and social factorsExclusive breastfeedingPakistanSurvival analysis

Identifiers

PMID34732175
PMCPMC8567599

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.