ArticleCell host & microbe2021
Mice with diverse microbial exposure histories as a model for preclinical vaccine testing.
Article in Cell host & microbe, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
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- A naturalized gut microbiome interacts with dietary fibers to protect against colonic inflammation.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Insights into Microbiota-Vaccine Crosstalk in Humans: Mechanisms, Modulators, and Translational Horizons.Vaccines · 2026Review
- A gavage-fomite based method to generate mouse models with natural microbiota.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Dirty mice better recapitulate key features of mRNA vaccine immunogenicity observed in humans.mBio · 2026Article
- A chicken interferon stimulated gene screen reveals limited genes restricting influenza replication.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sequential infection reprograms the immune landscape to shape future responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- BCG enables protection against malaria through adjuvanting an adenovirus-vectored vaccine.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- A gavage-fomite based method to generate mouse models with natural microbiota.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Eco-tank Housing Maintains Wild-Type Microbiota and Rewilds the Laboratory Mouse Gut Microbiome to Restore Natural Immune Tone.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Dirty mice better recapitulate key features of mRNA vaccine immunogenicity observed in humans.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Diverse Microbial Exposure Enhances CD8bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
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- Naturalized immune responses are stable over years in a colony of laboratory mice with wild-derived microbiota.Immunity · 2025Article
- Physiological microbial exposure normalizes memory T cell surveillance of the brain and modifies host seizure outcomes.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Naturally transmitted mouse viruses highlight the heterogeneity of virus transmission dynamics in the dirty mouse model.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Laboratory mice engrafted with natural gut microbiota possess a wildling-like phenotype.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Integrating natural commensals and pathogens into preclinical mouse models.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Virus-induced perturbations in the mouse microbiome are impacted by microbial experience.mSphere · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Laboratory mice comprise an expeditious model for preclinical vaccine testing; however, vaccine immunogenicity in these models often inadequately translates to humans. Reconstituting physiologic microbial experience to specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice induces durable immunological changes that better recapitulate human immunity. We examined whether mice with diverse microbial experience better model human responses post vaccination. We co-housed laboratory mice with pet-store mice, which have varied microbial exposures, and then assessed immune responses to influenza vaccines. Human transcriptional responses to influenza vaccination are better recapitulated in co-housed mice. Although SPF and co-housed mice were comparably susceptible to acute influenza infection, vaccine-induced humoral responses were dampened in co-housed mice, resulting in poor control upon challenge. Additionally, protective heterosubtypic T cell immunity was compromised in co-housed mice. Because SPF mice exaggerated humoral and T cell protection upon influenza vaccination, reconstituting microbial experience in laboratory mice through co-housing may better inform preclinical vaccine testing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.