ReviewDrugs2021
Inhaled Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Review in Drugs, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with ensifentrine: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Review
- Epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: Targets for lung repair.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current pipeline and new opportunities.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Review
- Beyond the mutations: spatiotemporal regulation of CFTR by cAMP and calcium signaling in epithelial physiology and cystic fibrosis.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2025Review
- COPD: the role of neutrophils in inflammation, pathophysiology, and as drug targets.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2025Review
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Developments in Pharmacological Treatments.Drugs · 2025Review
- Roflumilast reduces the number of lung adenocarcinomas, inflammation, and emphysema in a smoking-induced mouse model.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- Advancing Obstructive Airway Disease Treatment: Dual PDE3/4 Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy.Cells · 2025Review
- Targeting Non-Eosinophilic Immunological Pathways in COPD and AECOPD: Current Insights and Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2025Review
- The Lung-Brain Axis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-Associated Neurocognitive Dysfunction: Mechanistic Insights and Potential Therapeutic Options.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- PDE4D: A Multipurpose Pharmacological Target.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Inhaled Dual PDE3/4 Inhibitor Ensifentrine for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Potential Therapeutic Perspective.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2024Article
- Modulation of Human Dendritic Cell Functions by Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors: Potential Relevance for the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- A New Treatment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Ensifentrine Moves Closer.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2023Article
- Current and future developments in the pharmacology of asthma and COPD: ERS seminar, Naples 2022.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2023Review
- Pharmacological therapy for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Chronic diseases and translational medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors prevent the metabolism of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, thereby reducing inflammation. Inhaled PDE4 inhibitors aim to restrict systemic drug exposure to enhance the potential for clinical benefits (in the lungs) versus adverse events (systemically). The orally administered PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast reduces exacerbation rates in the subgroup of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with a history of exacerbations and the presence of chronic bronchitis, but can cause PDE4 related adverse effects due to systemic exposure. CHF6001 is an inhaled PDE4 inhibitor, while inhaled ensifentrine is an inhibitor of both PDE3 and PDE4; antagonism of PDE3 facilitates smooth muscle relaxation and hence bronchodilation. These inhaled PDE inhibitors have both reported positive findings from early phase clinical trials, and have been well tolerated. Longer term trials are needed to firmly establish the clinical benefits of these drugs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.