ReviewRheumatology and therapy2022
The Economic Burden of Lupus Nephritis: A Systematic Literature Review.
Review in Rheumatology and therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Peritoneal dialysis in lupus nephritis: comparative outcomes vs. hemodialysis, risk stratification, and modality selection framework.Renal failure · 2026Review
- Tailoring KDIGO guidelines for lupus nephritis to the real world: a stratified and cost-aware approach.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Review
- Article
- Advancing Care in Lupus Nephritis: Expert Perspectives on Current Practices and Future Directions in Italy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Initial Treatments for Lupus Nephritis.Kidney international reports · 2025Article
- Cost-of-illness changes before and after the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide, population-based observational study in Korea.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Observational
- Global and national public awareness and interest in glomerular diseases from 2004 to 2024.Frontiers in nephrology · 2025Article
- Renal response status to predict long-term renal survival in patients with lupus nephritis: results from the Toronto Lupus Cohort.Lupus science & medicine · 2024Observational
- Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of voclosporin for the treatment of lupus nephritis in the United States.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2024Article
- Healthcare resource utilization and costs in patients with a newly confirmed diagnosis of lupus nephritis in the United States over a 5-year follow-up period.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Characterization of the patterns of care, access, and direct cost of systemic lupus erythematosus in Brazil: findings from the Macunaíma study.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2024Review
- Real-World Burden of Immunosuppressant-Treated Lupus Nephritis: A German Claims Database Analysis.Rheumatology and therapy · 2024Article
- Flares in Lupus Nephritis: Risk Factors and Strategies for Their Prevention.Current rheumatology reports · 2023Review
- Clinical and Economic Burden of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the Years Preceding End-Stage Kidney Disease Diagnosis: A Retrospective Observational Study.Rheumatology and therapy · 2023Article
- Incorporating knowledge of disease-defining hub genes and regulatory network into a machine learning-based model for predicting treatment response in lupus nephritis after the first renal flare.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Cell type-specific mechanistic target of rapamycin-dependent distortion of autophagy pathways in lupus nephritis.Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionFew studies have evaluated the economic burden of lupus nephritis (LN). The aim of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to assess the economic burden (direct and indirect costs, and healthcare resource utilization [HCRU]) associated with LN, with particular focus on the burden of renal flares and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).
methodsThis SLR (GSK study 213531) was conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Searches of the MEDLINE and Embase databases were conducted for English language publications reporting cost or HCRU data in patients with LN (regardless of age or LN histological class) until December 10, 2019. Handsearching of conference proceedings and keyword-based searches in PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar were also conducted.
resultsTwenty-two studies were identified from 28 publications reporting the cost (n = 19) and HCRU (n = 13) associated with LN. Most studies were from North America (n = 13) and many used administrative claims data (n = 9). LN was associated with substantially higher direct costs (e.g., total annual, hospitalization, and ESKD-related direct costs), total indirect costs, and HCRU (e.g., hospitalization, outpatient services, and medication use) compared with patients without systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or non-renal SLE controls. ESKD and dialysis were significant contributors to economic burden. No studies described the cost of renal flares.
conclusionsThe consensus across the 22 studies was that the economic burden of LN is substantial, particularly in active or severe disease, or if there is progression to ESKD. Total direct cost may be underestimated in claims data given the challenges of identifying patients with LN. Further studies are vital to ascertain the cost of renal flares; a renal flare is likely to result in a period of increased HCRU, which could be mitigated by treatments that extend renal remission.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.