Geographical distribution and origin of acetylcholinesterase mutations conferring acaricide resistance in Tetranychus urticae populations from Turkey.

Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a cosmopolitan pest species that can feed on more than 1000 host plant species. Historically, organophosphate (OP) and carbamate insecticides have been used to control this extremely polyphagous pest. However, its ability to develop acaricide resistance rapidly has led to failure in control. Mutations in acetylcholinesterase gene (ace), the target-site of OP and carbamate insecticides, have been reported to be one of the major mechanisms underlying this developing resistance. In this study, mutations previously associated with resistance (G119S, A201S, T280A, G328A, F331W/Y) in ace have been screened in 37 T. urticae populations collected across Turkey. All mutations were found in various populations, except G119S. Almost all populations had F331W/Y mutation (being fixed in 32 populations), whereas only two populations harboured A201S mutation, but not fixed. On the other hand, more than half of the populations contained T280A and G328A mutations. In addition, the presence of same haplotypes in populations originating from distinct geographic locations and a wide variety of ace haplotypes might indicate multiple origins of F331W and F331Y mutations; however, this needs further investigation. The results of area-wide screening showed that ace mutations are widely distributed among T. urticae populations. Therefore, the use of this group of insecticides should be limited or only rotational use might be regarded as a resistance management tool due to its different mode of action from other main acaricide groups in T. urticae control across Turkey.