ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2022
Exploring the Relationship Between Schizophrenia and Cardiovascular Disease: A Genetic Correlation and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lipidomics and genomics in mental health: insights into major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Pooled it
- Concomitant pathologies and their impact on schizophrenia: a narrative overview of current evidence.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Investigating the causal associations between neuroticism, schizophrenia, and cardiovascular diseases using Mendelian randomization.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Effects of Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Depression on Cardiopulmonary and Abdominal Organ Structure.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Risk of heart failure in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Impact of Schizophrenia on Inpatient Outcomes for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Evidence From the 2005-2020 United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota: contributing to high CVD prevalence in people living with schizophrenia?European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Review
- Comorbidities in People With Intellectual Disability With and Without Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia Without Intellectual Disability: A Swedish Register Study (IDcare).Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2026Article
- Real-World Cardiovascular Research Using the German IQVIA Disease Analyzer Database: Methods, Evidence, and Limitations (2000-2025).Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Review
- Development of Physical Activity from Childhood to Adolescence in Offspring at Familial High Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder and Population-Based Controls: The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2026Article
- Adiposity and the first-onset of diagnosed mental illnesses: a population-based cohort study of 10 million UK adults.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Schizophrenia.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Intervention on Modifiable Lifestyle and Physiological Factors via Variational Autoencoder Reveals Changes in Functional Connectivity-Mediated Risk for Alzheimer's Disease.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Associations of Genetic Liability to Six Psychiatric Disorders With Cardiometabolic Diseases.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- The Association Between Schizophrenia and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Primary Care Routine Data in Germany.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Interaction between the brain and multiple organ systems in schizophrenia.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Review
- Comorbidity patterns and immune-metabolic differences in patients with acute-episode of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Psychiatric disorders converge on common pathways but diverge in cellular context, spatial distribution, and directionality of genetic effects.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- QT Interval, Antipsychotics and Correlates Among Patients with Schizophrenia: Cross-Sectional Data from the Multicentric Real-World FACE-SZ.Drug safety · 2025Article
- Multitrait Genetic Analysis Identifies Novel Pleiotropic Loci for Depression and Schizophrenia in East Asians.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia have a reduced life-expectancy compared to the general population, largely due to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Clinical and epidemiological studies have been unable to unravel the nature of this relationship. We obtained summary-data of genome-wide-association studies of schizophrenia (N = 130 644), heart failure (N = 977 323), coronary artery disease (N = 332 477), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (N = 757 601), heart rate variability (N = 46 952), QT interval (N = 103 331), early repolarization and dilated cardiomyopathy ECG patterns (N = 63 700). We computed genetic correlations and conducted bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess causality. With multivariable MR, we investigated whether causal effects were mediated by smoking, body mass index, physical activity, lipid levels, or type 2 diabetes. Genetic correlations between schizophrenia and CVD were close to zero (-0.02-0.04). There was evidence that liability to schizophrenia causally increases heart failure risk. This effect remained consistent with multivariable MR. There was also evidence that liability to schizophrenia increases early repolarization pattern, largely mediated by BMI and lipids. Finally, there was evidence that liability to schizophrenia increases heart rate variability, a direction of effect contrasting clinical studies. There was weak evidence that higher systolic blood pressure increases schizophrenia risk. Our finding that liability to schizophrenia increases heart failure is consistent with the notion that schizophrenia involves a systemic dysregulation of the body with detrimental effects on the heart. To decrease cardiovascular mortality among individuals with schizophrenia, priority should lie with optimal treatment in early stages of psychosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.