ArticleCentral European journal of urology2021
Human kidney injury molecule-1 as a urine biomarker differentiating urothelial and renal cell carcinoma.
Article in Central European journal of urology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Liquid-based kidney injury molecule-1 as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator in renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International urology and nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- KIM-1 as a Biomarker in Genitourinary Neoplasms.Cancers · 2026Review
- Kidney Injury Molecule-1 as a Biomarker for Renal Cancer: Current Insights and Future Perspectives-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionUrine concentration of human kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is suggested to be increased in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, it has never been tested in patients with urothelial tumors, while preoperative differentiation between RCC and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) plays an essential role in therapeutic decisions.The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of urinary KIM-1 expression in preoperative differentiation between RCC and urothelial carcinoma (UC). MATERIAL AND
methodsSixty-four participants were enrolled in the study, including 30 patients with RCC and 27 with UC (16 with UTUC and 11 with bladder tumor). Preoperative urinary KIM-1 levels were measured using a commercially available ELISA kit and normalized to urinary creatinine levels.
resultsThe median concentration of urinary KIM-1 normalized to urinary creatinine was lower in patients with RCC compared to UC (1.35 vs 1.86 ng/mg creatinine, p = 0.04). The comparison between RCC and UTUC shows even more significant difference (1.33 vs 2.23 ng/mg creatinine, p = 0.02). Urinary KIM-1 concentration did not correlate with tumor stage nor grade in any of the groups. ROC analysis to identify UC revealed AUC of 0.657 with sensitivity 33.3% and specificity 96.7% at the cut-off value of 3.226 ng/mg creatinine. Among patients with eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m², ROC analysis to detect UC achieved AUC of 0.727 with sensitivity 69.5% and specificity 70.2%.
conclusionsUrine KIM-1 can potentially differentiate UC from RCC. However, a wide range of observed results and limited sensitivity and specificity requires caution in making clinical decisions before confirmatory studies.
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