ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: Implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantitative assessment of flow between cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid compartments in humans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Tracking free water in human body by magnetic resonance imaging: new insights on the network pathways.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Biomedical Applications of Gadolinium-Containing Biomaterials: Not Only MRI Contrast Agent.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
Drainage of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brainstem has not been well studied. To map one drainage pathway in the human brainstem, we took advantage of the focal blood-brain barrier disruption occurring in a multiple sclerosis brainstem lesion, coupled with intravenous injection of gadolinium, which simulates an intraparenchymal injection of gadolinium tracer within the restricted confines of this small brain region. Using high-resolution MRI, we show how it is possible for interstitial fluid to drain into the adjacent trigeminal and oculomotor nerves, in keeping with a pathway of communication between the extracellular spaces of the brainstem and cranial nerve parenchyma.
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Registered trials
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