ArticleThe journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice2022
Impact of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma on COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Mortality.
Article in The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 133 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relationship between COVID-19 and "three inflammations and one deafness": a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Organokines in COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Cells · 2023Pooled it
- The Association between Allergic Rhinitis and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of clinical practice · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of Chronic Stress and Trauma on Asthma Pathophysiology and Outcomes.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2026Review
- Allergen-specific immunotherapy in rhinitis patients is associated with milder COVID-19 symptoms and improved quality of life.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Asthma control and exacerbation risk following SARS-CoV-2 infection in the post-acute COVID-19 phase: a systematic review.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Article
- Identifying direct risk factors in UK Biobank via simultaneous Bayesian-frequentist model-averaged hypothesis testing using Doublethink.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- A retrospective cohort study on the association between allergic rhinitis, sublingual immunotherapy, and COVID-19 symptomatology.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Desensitization reduces some COVID-19-associated symptoms in minors with allergic rhinitis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Effect of Preinfection Health Status on COVID-19 Severity and Cognitive Function.Brain and behavior · 2025Observational
- Well-Controlled Mucosal Exudation of Undiluted Plasma Proteins Serves Innate and Adaptive Immunity.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2025Review
- The Factors Influencing the Incidence, Persistence, and Severity of Symptoms After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Chinese Adults: A Case-Control Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Clinical Course and Mortality Predictors in Adult Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Infection-A Retrospective Cohort Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Vaccination and food consumption: association with Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in Brazilian adults (CUME Study).Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Article
- Knowledge Mapping of COVID-19 and Asthma/Allergic Rhinitis: A Visual and Bibliometric Analysis.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2025Article
- Asthma as a risk factor and allergic rhinitis as a protective factor for COVID-19 severity: a case-control study.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and severe cutaneous allergic reactions to sulfonamides.Allergy and asthma proceedings · 2024Article
- Association between asthma and COVID-19 severity during Omicron epidemic: a retrospective cohort study using real-world data.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Potential Protective Factors for Allergic Rhinitis Patients Infected with COVID-19.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt remains unclear if patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and/or asthma are susceptible to corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, severity, and mortality.
objectiveTo investigate the role of AR and/or asthma in COVID-19 infection, severity, and mortality, and assess whether long-term AR and/or asthma medications affected the outcomes of COVID-19.
methodsDemographic and clinical data of 70,557 adult participants completed SARS-CoV-2 testing between March 16 and December 31, 2020, in the UK Biobank were analyzed. The rates of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality in relation to pre-existing AR and/or asthma were assessed based on adjusted generalized linear models. We further analyzed the impact of long-term AR and/or asthma medications on the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality.
resultsPatients with AR of all ages had lower positive rates of SARS-CoV-2 tests (relative risk [RR]: 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-0.81, P < .001), with lower susceptibility in males (RR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.65-0.85, P < .001) than females (RR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.72-0.9, P < .001). However, similar effects of asthma against COVID-19 hospitalization were only major in participants aged <65 (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86-1, P = .044) instead of elderlies. In contrast, patients with asthma tested positively had higher risk of hospitalization (RR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.32-1.54, P < .001). Neither AR nor asthma had an impact on COVID-19 mortality. None of conventional medications for AR or asthma, for example, antihistamines, corticosteroids, or β2 adrenoceptor agonists, showed association with COVID-19 infection or severity.
conclusionAR (all ages) and asthma (aged <65) act as protective factors against COVID-19 infection, whereas asthma increases risk for COVID-19 hospitalization. None of the long-term medications had a significant association with infection, severity, and mortality of COVID-19 among patients with AR and/or asthma.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.