ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2021
Chimpanzees and bonobos use social leverage in an ultimatum game.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- EVApeCognition: An 18-Year Dataset of Great Ape Cognition.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Chimpanzee decisions in the prosocial choice paradigm depending on the position of tokens in the feeder.Animal cognition · 2026Article
- Chimpanzees engage in competitive altruism in a triadic ultimatum game.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Intra- and inter-brain synchrony oscillations underlying social adjustment.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Chimpanzees and bonobos use social leverage in an ultimatum game.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
The ultimatum game (UG) is widely used to investigate our sense of fairness, a key characteristic that differentiates us from our closest living relatives, bonobos and chimpanzees. Previous studies found that, in general, great apes behave as rational maximizers in the UG. Proposers tend to choose self-maximizing offers, while responders accept most non-zero offers. These studies do not rule out the possibility that apes can behave prosocially to improve the returns for themselves and others. However, this has never been well studied. In this study, we offer chimpanzee and bonobo proposers the possibility of taking into account the leverage of responders over the offers they receive. This leverage takes the form of access to alternatives for responders. We find that proposers tend to propose fairer offers when responders have the option to access alternatives. Furthermore, we find that both species use their leverage to reject unequal offers. Our results suggest that great apes mostly act as rational maximizers in an UG, yet access to alternatives can lead them to change their strategies such as not choosing the self-maximizing offer as proposers and not accepting every offer higher than zero as responders.
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