ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2022
Sex Differences in Long-term Outcomes After Group B Streptococcal Infections During Infancy in Denmark and the Netherlands: National Cohort Studies of Neurodevelopmental Impairments and Mortality.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Maternal Group BClinical epidemiology · 2026Article
- Validation of the ICD-10 Diagnoses of Early-Onset Neonatal Infection in the Danish National Patient Register from 2010 to 2018.Clinical epidemiology · 2026Article
- Economic evaluation of prenatal GBS immunization in China: A modeling analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Group BLancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Neurodevelopmental impairment associated with neonatal invasive group BBrain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Gestational diabetes augments group B Streptococcus infection by disrupting maternal immunity and the vaginal microbiota.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Sex-Specific Dysconnective Brain Injuries and Neuropsychiatric Conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder Caused by Group BInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Mast cell-derived factor XIIIA contributes to sexual dimorphic defense against group B streptococcal infections.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2022Article
- Group B Streptococcus Infection in Extremely Preterm Neonates and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Observational
- Prematurity Modifies the Risk of Long-term Neurodevelopmental Impairments After Invasive Group B Streptococcus Infections During Infancy in Denmark and the Netherlands.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Every Country, Every Family: Time to Act for Group B Streptococcal Disease Worldwide.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Bacterial and Host Determinants of Group B Streptococcal Infection of the Neonate and Infant.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMale infants have a higher incidence of invasive group B Streptococcus disease (iGBS) compared with female infants; however, data on sex differences in mortality and long-term outcomes after iGBS are lacking. We assessed whether a child's sex influences the effects of iGBS on mortality and risk of neurodevelopmental impairments (NDIs).
methodsWe used Danish and Dutch registry data to conduct a nationwide cohort study of infants with a history of iGBS. A comparison cohort, children without a history of iGBS, was randomly selected and matched on relevant factors. Effect modification by sex was assessed on additive and multiplicative scales.
resultsOur analyses included data from children with a history of iGBS in Denmark (period 1997 -2017; n = 1432) and the Netherlands (2000 -2017; n = 697) and from 21 172 children without iGBS. There was no clear evidence of between-sex heterogeneity in iGBS-associated mortality. Boys had a higher risk of NDI, with evidence for effect modification on additive scale at the age of 5 years for any NDI (relative excess risk due to interaction = 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.53 to 3.09 in Denmark and 1.14; 95% CI, -5.13 to 7.41 in the Netherlands). A similar pattern was observed for moderate/severe NDI at age 5 years in Denmark and age 10 years in the Netherlands.
conclusionBoys are at higher risk of NDI ; our results suggest this is disproportionally increased in those who develop iGBS. Future studies should investigate mechanisms of this effect modification by sex.
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