ArticleEye (London, England)2022
Bilateral lacrimal gland disease: clinical features and outcomes.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ocular manifestations and immunological profiles of thyroid eye disease with lacrimal gland enlargement.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Biopsy-proven sarcoidosis lesion of the levator palpebrae superioris causing myogenic blepharoptosis.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in the Lacrimal Gland: Implications for Dry Eye Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Clinicopathologic features of 89 patients with lacrimal gland prolapse.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Article
- Advances in clinical examination of lacrimal gland.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPatients with bilateral lacrimal gland disease are a unique subset of patients where there is a paucity of literature. This presentation often represents systemic disease or malignancy and can cause diagnostic difficulties. We aim to describe the diagnoses and features of bilateral lacrimal gland disease.
methodRetrospective multi-centre case series involving 115 patients with bilateral lacrimal gland disease from 1995 to 2020.
results115 patients were included. Their ages ranged from 9 to 85 (mean 47.3 years) with a female predominance (73, 63.5%). The most common category of diagnosis was inflammatory (69, 60%) followed by lymphoproliferative (23, 20%), structural (17, 14.8%) and other conditions (6, 5.2%). The five most common specific diagnoses were IgG4 related disease (20, 17.4%) and idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease (20, 17.4%), lymphoma (16, 13.9%), lacrimal gland prolapse (13, 11.3%), and sarcoidosis (11, 9.6%). Corticosteroid treatment was used most commonly (29, 25.2%) followed by observation (25, 21.7%). At last follow up, the majority of patients had complete resolution, significant improvement with mild residual disease or stable disease without further progression (104, 90.4%).
conclusionBilateral lacrimal disease may be due to a range of aetiologies, most of which are systemic. The most common are inflammatory and lymphoproliferative conditions. Due to the wide range of aetiologies of bilateral lacrimal gland disease, it is extremely difficult to accurately determine a cause based on clinical findings alone, highlighting the vital role of lacrimal gland biopsy in patients presenting with bilateral lacrimal gland disease.
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