ArticleScientific reports2021
Possible interplay between estrogen and the BAFF may modify thyroid activity in Graves' disease.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex matters: mechanistic insights into sex-driven patterns of autoimmunity and implications for pharmacotherapy.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Lung B Cell Responses in a Murine Model of Asthma.International archives of allergy and immunology · 2026Article
- The impact of hyperthyroidism on the hematopoietic system.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- B-Cell-Activating Factor (BAFF) Correlated with Serum Vitamin D Values-Possible Markers with a Prognostic Role in Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Causality of blood metabolites and metabolic pathways on Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Endocrine · 2024Article
- Review
- Graves' disease as a driver of depression: a mechanistic insight.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Sex hormone influence on female-biased autoimmune diseases hints at puberty as an important factor in pathogenesis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Autoimmune Hashimoto's Disease and Feminization Level-TestingEvolutionary psychology : an international journal of evolutionary approaches to psychology and behaviorArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A link between sex hormones and B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a crucial immunoregulator of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), may exist. The study aimed to elucidate the role of estrogen (E2) in regulating BAFF in Graves' disease (GD). In clinical samples, serum BAFF levels were higher in women than in men in both the GD and control groups. serum BAFF levels were associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody levels and thyroid function only in women and not in men. BAFF transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were higher in women with GD than those in the control group. Among GD patients with the AA genotype of rs2893321, women had higher BAFF transcripts and protein levels than men. In the progression of a spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) murine model, NOD.H-2h4, serum free thyroxine and BAFF levels were higher in female than in male mice. Moreover, exogenous E2 treatment increased serum BAFF levels in male SAT mice. Meanwhile, female SAT mice exhibited higher thyroid BAFF transcripts levels than either the E2-treated or untreated male SAT mouse groups. Our results showed that E2 might be implicated in modulating BAFF expression, and support a possible mechanism for the higher incidence of AITD in women.
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Registered trials
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