ArticleThe lancet. Healthy longevity2021
Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.
Article in The lancet. Healthy longevity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 5 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 658 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
BOOST- Blood Flow Restriction Therapy to Optimize Muscle Size and Strength in Recovery From Lower Limb Orthopaedic Trauma
Standard Versus Short Course Prophylactic Antibiotic in Femur and Tibia Shaft Fractures Managed With Intramedullary Interlocking Nail: A Prospective Randomized Comparative Study Using the ASEPSIS Score
Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Robot Assisted Minimally Invasive Treatment Versus Conservative Treatment in Elderly Patients With FFP1-2 Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis
Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Robot Assisted Minimally Invasive Treatment Versus Conventional Surgery in Elderly Patients With FFP3-4 Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis
Diagnostic Accuracy and Operational Efficiency of Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) in Long Bone Fractures: A Brazilian Multicenter Study
Who cites it
658 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Intramedullary fixation versus arthroplasty in the treatment of geriatric trochanteric fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Performance of prediction models for delayed union and nonunion after fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Calcium, vitamin D, or combined supplementation to prevent fractures and falls: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Pooled it
- Artificial intelligence software to help detect fractures on X-rays in urgent care: An Early Value Assessment.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Artificial intelligence for fracture detection on computed tomography: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy in non-commercial and commercial solutions.Emergency radiology · 2026Pooled it
- Romosozumab Versus Teriparatide for the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews With Direct and Indirect Meta-Analyses.International journal of rheumatic diseases · 2026Pooled it
- The global prevalence of eating disorders in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Artificial intelligence in osteoporosis screening and fracture risk prediction among aging populations: a bibliometric evidence map.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- The risk prediction models for deep venous thrombosis in perioperative patients with lower limb fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Accuracy of junior doctor plain trauma X-ray interpretation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medical imaging · 2025Pooled it
- Configuration design of ankle rehabilitation robots: a systematic review and future prospects.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of a home-based physical exercise intervention in patients with hip fragility fractures: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Effect of Posterolateral Mini-incision Hip Hemiarthroplasty on Pain Scores and Hip Function in Elderly Patients With Hip Fractures.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2026Trial
- Incidence and factors influencing the occurrence of postoperative thrombosis in patients with lower limb fractures across different age groups: a retrospective study.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Biodegradable molybdenum intramedullary nails facilitate fracture repair through neutrophil-mediated immune response.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Association between fall location and postoperative clinical outcomes after fragility hip fracture: a multicentre cohort study.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Cortical indices, DXA, and FRAX as indicators of bone fragility: a comparative human cadaveric study.JBMR plus · 2026Article
- Article
- Osteoinductive scaffolds composed of dual functionalized polylysine functionalized calcium phosphate graphene.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Fracture healing: from molecular and cellular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
598 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
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Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBone fractures are a global public health issue; however, to date, no comprehensive study of their incidence and burden has been done. We aimed to measure the global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) of fractures from 1990 to 2019.
methodsUsing the framework of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we compared numbers and age-standardised rates of global incidence, prevalence, and YLDs of fractures across the 21 GBD regions and 204 countries and territories, by age, sex, and year, from 1990 to 2019. We report estimates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).
findingsGlobally, in 2019, there were 178 million (95% UI 162-196) new fractures (an increase of 33·4% [30·1-37·0] since 1990), 455 million (428-484) prevalent cases of acute or long-term symptoms of a fracture (an increase of 70·1% [67·5-72·5] since 1990), and 25·8 million (17·8-35·8) YLDs (an increase of 65·3% [62·4-68·0] since 1990). The age-standardised rates of fractures in 2019 were 2296·2 incident cases (2091·1-2529·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 9·6% [8·1-11·1] since 1990), 5614·3 prevalent cases (5286·1-5977·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 6·7% [5·7-7·6] since 1990), and 319·0 YLDs (220·1-442·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 8·4% [7·2-9·5] since 1990). Lower leg fractures of the patella, tibia or fibula, or ankle were the most common and burdensome fracture in 2019, with an age-standardised incidence rate of 419·9 cases (345·8-512·0) per 100 000 population and an age-standardised rate of YLDs of 190·4 (125·0-276·9) per 100 000 population. In 2019, age-specific rates of fracture incidence were highest in the oldest age groups, with, for instance, 15 381·5 incident cases (11 245·3-20 651·9) per 100 000 population in those aged 95 years and older.
interpretationThe global age-standardised rates of incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for fractures decreased slightly from 1990 to 2019, but the absolute counts increased substantially. Older people have a particularly high risk of fractures, and more widespread injury-prevention efforts and access to screening and treatment of osteoporosis for older individuals should help to reduce the overall burden.
fundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.