ArticleEClinicalMedicine2021
Community SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence before and after the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Harare, Zimbabwe.
Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 Prevalence among Healthcare Workers. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- "We carried her in a wheelbarrow to the clinic": process evaluation of the AMETHIST intervention combining microplanning with self-help groups to improve HIV prevention and treatment among female sex workers in Zimbabwe.BMC health services research · 2026Trial
- SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and COVID-19 vaccination coverage in two states of Nigeria from a population based household survey.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sero-Surveillance to Evaluate Trends in the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a Central Indian District.Cureus · 2025Article
- Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its control measures on women and children: a Zimbabwean case study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Population-based cross-sectional seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in urban residential areas in Ghana.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients admitted with COVID-19 at a public-sector hospital over the first two waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Harare, Zimbabwe: A prospective cohort study.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Adult Populations in Cameroon: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study Among Blood Donors in the Cities of Yaoundé and Douala.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2023Article
- Large Diffusion of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 After the Successive Epidemiological Waves, Including Omicron, in Guinea and Cameroon: Implications for Vaccine Strategies.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- High SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence after Second COVID-19 Wave (October 2020-April 2021), Democratic Republic of the Congo.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 antibody trajectories after a single COVID-19 vaccination with and without prior infection.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Observational
- Rapid Increase of Community SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence during Second Wave of COVID-19, Yaoundé, Cameroon.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- High and Rapid Increase in Seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 in Conakry, Guinea: Results From 3 Successive Cross-Sectional Surveys (ANRS COV16-ARIACOV).Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- COVID-19 in Tunisia (North Africa): Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the General Population of the Capital City Tunis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in three Kenyan health and demographic surveillance sites, December 2020-May 2021.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBy the end of July 2021 Zimbabwe, has reported over 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 infections. The true number of SARS-CoV-2 infections is likely to be much higher. We conducted a seroprevalence survey to estimate the prevalence of past SARS-CoV-2 in three high-density communities in Harare, Zimbabwe before and after the second wave of SARS-CoV-2.
methodsBetween November 2020 and April 2021 we conducted a cross-sectional study of randomly selected households in three high-density communities (Budiriro, Highfield and Mbare) in Harare. Consenting participants answered a questionnaire and a dried blood spot sample was taken. Samples were tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies using the Roche e801 platform.
findingsA total of 2340 individuals participated in the study. SARS-CoV-2 antibody results were available for 70·1% (620/885) and 73·1% (1530/2093) of eligible participants in 2020 and 2021. The median age was 22 (IQR 10-37) years and 978 (45·5%) were men. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 19·0% (95% CI 15·1-23·5%) in 2020 and 53·0% (95% CI 49·6-56·4) in 2021. The prevalence ratio was 2·47 (95% CI 1·94-3·15) comparing 2020 with 2021 after adjusting for age, sex, and community. Almost half of all participants who tested positive reported no symptoms in the preceding six months.
interpretationFollowing the second wave, one in two people had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 suggesting high levels of community transmission. Our results suggest that 184,800 (172,900-196,700) SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred in these three communities alone, greatly exceeding the reported number of cases for the whole city. Further seroprevalence surveys are needed to understand transmission during the current third wave despite high prevalence of past infections.
fundingGCRF, Government of Canada, Wellcome Trust, Bavarian State Ministry of Sciences, Research, and the Arts.
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