ArticleJournal of advanced veterinary and animal research2021
Lead, cadmium, and aluminum in raw bovine milk: Residue level, estimated intake, and fate during artisanal dairy manufacture.
Article in Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative Determination of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, and Arsenic in Commercial Dairy Products by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Heavy metal contamination pathways and health risk assessment in raw buffalo milk from Egyptian dairy environments: Implications for safety and sustainability.Open veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Assessment of toxic heavy metals in commonly consumed foods in Egypt and their implications for public health and safety.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Effects of a Phosphorus-Binding Feed Supplement on the Blood P and Ca Levels in Dairy Cows.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Dietary Risk Assessment of Cadmium Exposure Through Commonly Consumed Foodstuffs in Mexico.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Evaluation of essential and trace metals/metalloids distribution and probable human health risk implications from branded liquid and powder milks available in Dhaka City, Bangladesh.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2024Article
- Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Raw Milk Produced in the Vicinity of a Mini Mineral Concentrator in the Central Andes and Health Risk.Biological trace element research · 2024Article
- Article
- Impact of grazing around industrial areas on milk heavy metals contamination and reproductive ovarian hormones of she-camel with assessment of some technological processes on reduction of toxic residue concentrations.BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- Article
- Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Raw Cow's Milk in a Central Andean Area and Risks for the Peruvian Populations.Toxics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe goal of this study was to determine the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and aluminum (Al) in raw bovine milk. Milk consumption was used to calculate the estimated weekly intake (EWI), provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), and target hazard quotient (THQ) for individuals. Metal distribution in dairy products and byproducts was studied as a result of artisanal processing. MATERIAL AND
methodsSeventy-five raw bovine milk samples were collected from artisanal producers in Alexandria city, West Delta, Egypt, and analyzed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The effect of artisanal dairy processing on metal distribution was studied.
resultsThe averages of Pb, Cd, and Al in milk samples were 45.06, 4.77, and 2.93 μg/l, with 13.33% and 1.33% of analyzed samples had Pb and Al levels higher than the permissible limits, respectively. The EWI values of Pb, Cd, and Al were 1.050, 0.111, and 0.068 μg/kg body weight, which contributed to about 4.20%, 1.59%, and 0.97% from the PTWI, respectively. The THQ of three metals was <1, which referred to safe consumption. Metal residues were heavily concentrated in artisanal cheese and yogurt after coagulation and fermentation compared with other dairy products. Accordingly, the maximum average and reduction values of Pb, Cd, and Al were 745.87, 51.99, and 71.58 μg/l and -72.87%, -56.5%, and -40.96% in Damietta cheese; 535.51, 40.11, and 62.43 μg/l and -24.11%, -20.74%, and -22.94%) in Kareish cheese; and 418.42, 31.26, and 50.66 μg/l and 3.02%, 5.90%, and 0.27% in yogurt, respectively.
conclusionsThe results indicated that consumption of raw bovine milk did not pose a risk to Alexandria citizens. Metal concentration increased in artisanal cheese and yogurt because of metal bio-gathering after coagulation and fermentation. Fat separation, churning, and boiling milk might keep metal concentration in dairy products and byproducts at lower levels than milk. Thus, they are suggested to be applied especially in highly contaminated areas.
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Registered trials
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