Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34722113›Full record

ArticleJournal of big data2021

A survey on missing data in machine learning.

Tlamelo Emmanuel, Thabiso Maupong, Dimane Mpoeleng, Thabo Semong, Banyatsang Mphago, Oteng Tabona

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of big data, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 181 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
181citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

181 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Data-Driven Materials Science for Energy-Sustainable Applications.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026
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  20. Machine learning for predicting climate change impacts onNew Zealand veterinary journal · 2026
    Article

121 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Tlamelo EmmanuelDepartment of Computer Science and Information Systems, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana.ORCID 0000-0002-6340-063X
Thabiso MaupongDepartment of Computer Science and Information Systems, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana.
Dimane MpoelengDepartment of Computer Science and Information Systems, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana.
Thabo SemongDepartment of Computer Science and Information Systems, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana.
Banyatsang MphagoDepartment of Computer Science and Information Systems, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana.
Oteng TabonaDepartment of Computer Science and Information Systems, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Machine learning has been the corner stone in analysing and extracting information from data and often a problem of missing values is encountered. Missing values occur because of various factors like missing completely at random, missing at random or missing not at random. All these may result from system malfunction during data collection or human error during data pre-processing. Nevertheless, it is important to deal with missing values before analysing data since ignoring or omitting missing values may result in biased or misinformed analysis. In literature there have been several proposals for handling missing values. In this paper, we aggregate some of the literature on missing data particularly focusing on machine learning techniques. We also give insight on how the machine learning approaches work by highlighting the key features of missing values imputation techniques, how they perform, their limitations and the kind of data they are most suitable for. We propose and evaluate two methods, the k nearest neighbor and an iterative imputation method (missForest) based on the random forest algorithm. Evaluation is performed on the Iris and novel power plant fan data with induced missing values at missingness rate of 5% to 20%. We show that both missForest and the k nearest neighbor can successfully handle missing values and offer some possible future research direction.

Indexed as

ImputationMachine learningMissing data

Identifiers

PMID34722113
PMCPMC8549433

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.