ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Cytokine Patterns in Maternal Serum From First Trimester to Term and Beyond.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between maternal immune activation and brain structure and function in human offspring: a systematic review.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The Association of Prenatal C-Reactive Protein Levels With Childhood Asthma and Atopy.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2022Trial
- Maternal and offspring genome-wide association study of C-reactive protein reveals limited polygenic association with gestational diabetes mellitus.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Soluble P2X7 receptor (sP2X7R) as a marker of inflammation in pregnancy.Purinergic signalling · 2026Article
- Tuberculosis in Pregnancy: Challenges of Immune Protection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome in pregnancy: pathophysiology and outcomes.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Article
- Urogenital immune signatures are associated with birth outcomes after maternal urinary tract infection.Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Immunology of pregnancy and sepsis: shared and specific pathways guiding future precision care.EBioMedicine · 2026Review
- Maternal and neonatal cytokine profiles in a twin cohort: evidence from an exploratory pilot study of perinatal immune dysregulation in autism.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- NLRP3 inflammasome characterization in first-trimester, preterm, and term human villous placenta.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Lactobacillus iners at the nexus of microbiota, immunity, and pregnancy.Journal of reproductive immunology · 2026Review
- Maternal Inflammatory Biomarkers at 28 Weeks of Pregnancy and Childhood Adiposity at Age 7 and 13 Years in the Seychelles Child Development Study.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Article
- Maternal adversity and peripheral proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in pregnancy.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Clinical Role of Hematologic Inflammatory Markers in the Diagnosis of Missed Abortion.Saudi medical journal · 2026Article
- Blood Clotting as an Unintended Cytokine Stimulus in Pregnancy: Why Serum and Plasma are Non-Equivalent Immune Matrices.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Article
- Identification of Maternal Serum Longitudinal Signatures Through Profiling of 96 Cytokines.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prior Cytomegalovirus Infection Shapes Lymphocyte Activation and Function During Pregnancy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Towards microbiome-informed strategies for predicting and preventing pregnancy complications.Reproduction & fertility · 2026Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pregnancy implies delicate immunological balance between two individuals, with constant changes and adaptions in response to maternal capacity and fetal demands. We performed cytokine profiling of 1149 longitudinal serum samples from 707 pregnant women to map immunological changes from first trimester to term and beyond. The serum levels of 22 cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) followed diverse but characteristic trajectories throughout pregnancy, consistent with staged immunological adaptions. Eotaxin showed a particularly robust decrease throughout pregnancy. A strong surge in cytokine levels developed when pregnancies progressed beyond term and the increase was amplified as labor approached. Maternal obesity, smoking and pregnancies with large fetuses showed sustained increase in distinct cytokines throughout pregnancy. Multiparous women had increased cytokine levels in the first trimester compared to nulliparous women with higher cytokine levels in the third trimester. Fetal sex affected first trimester cytokine levels with increased levels in pregnancies with a female fetus. These findings unravel important immunological dynamics of pregnancy, demonstrate how both maternal and fetal factors influence maternal systemic cytokines, and serve as a comprehensive reference for cytokine profiles in normal pregnancies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.