Observational studyThe Journal of nutrition2022
Clock Time of First Eating Episode and Prospective Risk of All-Cause Mortality in US Adults.
Observational study in The Journal of nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Meal timing and eating window with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and life expectancy: population-based cohort study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- The diversity and consistency of what and when people eat.Nature metabolism · 2026Article
- Self-Reported Weekend Temporal Eating Patterns of American Adults Differ From Weekday: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: 2015-2020 Prepandemic.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2025Observational
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Eating Duration and Meal Timing: Findings from NHANES 2011-2018.Nutrients · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is increasing recognition that a morning or evening preference is associated with time of eating, metabolic health, and morbidity. However, few studies have examined the association of time of eating with mortality.
objectivesTo examine the association of time of first recalled ingestive episode with the prospective risk of all-cause mortality.
methodsWe used mortality-linked data from the NHANES conducted in 1988-1994 and 1999-2014 (n = 34,609; age ≥ 40 years). The exposure was quartiles (Q1-Q4) of clock time of first eating episode self-reported in the baseline 24-hour dietary recall. The outcome was follow-up time from the date of NHANES examination to the date of death or end of the follow-up period (31 December 2015). We used proportional hazards regression methods to determine the independent association of time of first eating episode with relative hazard of all-cause mortality, with adjustments for multiple covariates and the complex survey design. Multiple linear regression methods were used to examine the associations of time of first eating episode with baseline cardiometabolic biomarkers and dietary attributes.
resultsIn this national cohort, with a median age of ∼55 years (95% CI: 54.6-55.4 years) at baseline and a median follow-up of 8.3 years (IQR, 8.75 years), there were 10,303 deaths. The median times of first eating episodes in Q1-Q4 were 05:45, 07:00, 08:00, and 10:00, respectively. Covariate-adjusted relative hazards of mortality in Q1 to Q3 of the time of the first eating episode were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81-0.96), 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81-0.95), 0.94 (95% CI: 0.87-1.02), with Q4 as the referent (P = 0.0008). Qualitative dietary attributes were inversely related with the time of the first eating episode; however, BMI and serum concentrations of glycemic biomarkers increased with later times of first eating episode (P ≤ 0.0001).
conclusionsRecall of an earlier time of the first eating episode by ≥40-year-old US participants was suggestive of a small relative survival advantage in this observational study.
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