ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2022
Low-intensity cigarette smoking and mortality risks: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies in Japan.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Higher carbohydrate quality, but not quantity, is associated with lower lung cancer risk in a population-based prospective cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Article
- Birth cohort-specific smoking patterns in Japan (1906-2004): a population-based study from the NC-CCAPH consortium.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Cigarette smoking in relation to survival in Black women with ovarian cancer: Evidence from the African American Cancer Epidemiology Study (AACES).Annals of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Relationship of tobacco smoking to cause-specific mortality: contemporary estimates from Australia.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Quantitative assessment of lung structure changes in low-intensity smokers: a retrospective study in a Chinese male cohort.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2025Article
- Patterns of Use of e-Cigarettes and Their Respiratory Effects: A Critical Umbrella Review.Tobacco use insights · 2025Review
- Low-intensity daily smoking and mortality risk among Mexican women.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Patterns of Use of e-Cigarettes and Their Respiratory Effects: Protocol for an Umbrella Review.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Smoking Status and Premature Death Among Japanese Rural Community-Dwelling Persons.Tobacco use insights · 2024Article
- Public Perceptions of Flavored Waterpipe Smoking on Twitter.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- A Survey on the Actual Use of and Reasons for Heated Tobacco Products in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Lifelong Health Support 10: a Japanese prescription for a long and healthy life.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
27 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIncreasing proportions of smokers in Japan smoke <10 cigarettes per day (CPD). Yet, the health risks of low-intensity smoking in Asia are poorly understood.
methodsWe performed a pooled analysis of 410 294 adults from nine population-based prospective cohort studies participating in the Japan Cohort Consortium. Cigarette-use data were collected at each study baseline in 1983-1994. Study-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality were calculated using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression by CPD among current smokers and by age at cessation among former smokers, with never smokers as the referent group. Pooled HRs and CIs were computed using a random-effect model.
resultsThe smoking prevalence was 54.5% in men and 7.4% in women. About 15.5% of male and 50.4% of female current smokers smoked 1-10 CPD (low-intensity). Both male and female low-intensity smokers had higher all-cause mortality risks than never smokers. Risks were further higher with increasing CPD in a dose-response manner. HRs (95% CIs) were 1.27 (0.97-1.66), 1.45 (1.33-1.59) and 1.49 (1.38-1.62) for 1-2, 3-5 and 6-10 CPD, respectively, in men; 1.28 (1.01-1.62), 1.49 (1.34-1.66) and 1.68 (1.55-1.81) for 1-2, 3-5 and 6-10 CPD, respectively, in women. Similar associations were observed for smoking-related causes of death. Among former low-intensity smokers, younger age at cessation was associated with lower mortality risk.
conclusionsSmoking very low amounts was associated with increased mortality risks in Japan. All smokers should quit, even if they smoke very few CPD.
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