ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2021
An immune-humanized patient-derived xenograft model of estrogen-independent, hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the immune environment of glioblastoma in humanized mouse models.Neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- Programmed cell death and metastatic evolution in breast cancer: the role of anoikis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- Development of immunocompetent models for primary and metastatic ER+ breast cancer.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Altered MDC1 Interactions and Dysfunctional DNA Repair in Lobular Breast Cancer Confers Sensitivity to PARP Inhibition.Cancer research · 2026Article
- Preclinical models of breast cancer metastasis: strengths, limitations, and clinical relevance.NPJ breast cancer · 2026Review
- Harnessing PDX and PDX 2.0: the next-generation paradigm for precision oncology and translational breakthroughs.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Establishment of a Large-Scale PDX Library of Head and Neck Cancers for Functional Precision Oncology.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- TRANSPIRE-DRP: a deep learning framework for translating patient-derived xenograft drug response to clinical patients via domain adaptation.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Patient derived xenograft models of hormone receptor positive and HER2 negative breast cancer from Indian patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Facing the Challenge to Mimic Breast Cancer Heterogeneity: Established and Emerging Experimental Preclinical Models Integrated with Omics Technologies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- PDX models for functional precision oncology and discovery science.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- Mimicking women's endocrine milieu in mice for women's health-related studies.npj women's health · 2025Article
- TOWARDS Study: Patient-Derived Xenograft Engraftment Predicts Poor Survival in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.JCO precision oncology · 2024Article
- Rat Models of Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2024Review
- The Power and Promise of Patient-Derived Xenografts of Human Breast Cancer.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2024Review
- Breast Cancer Immunity: It is TIME for the Next Chapter.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2024Review
- Potential Perturbations of Critical Cancer-regulatory Genes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Within the Humanized Microenvironment of Patient-derived Xenograft Models.Journal of breast cancer · 2024Article
- Metabolomic Rewiring Promotes Endocrine Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer.Cancer research · 2024Article
- Engineered Adoptive T-Cell Therapies for Breast Cancer: Current Progress, Challenges, and Potential.Cancers · 2023Review
- Progress in building clinically relevant patient-derived tumor xenograft models for cancer research.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMetastatic breast cancer (MBC) is incurable, with a 5-year survival rate of 28%. In the USA, more than 42,000 patients die from MBC every year. The most common type of breast cancer is estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), and more patients die from ER+ breast cancer than from any other subtype. ER+ tumors can be successfully treated with hormone therapy, but many tumors acquire endocrine resistance, at which point treatment options are limited. There is an urgent need for model systems that better represent human ER+ MBC in vivo, where tumors can metastasize. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) made from MBC spontaneously metastasize, but the immunodeficient host is a caveat, given the known role of the immune system in tumor progression and response to therapy. Thus, we attempted to develop an immune-humanized PDX model of ER+ MBC.
methodsNSG-SGM3 mice were immune-humanized with CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, followed by engraftment of human ER+ endocrine resistant MBC tumor fragments. Strategies for exogenous estrogen supplementation were compared, and immune-humanization in blood, bone marrow, spleen, and tumors was assessed by flow cytometry and tissue immunostaining. Characterization of the new model includes assessment of the human tumor microenvironment performed by immunostaining.
resultsWe describe the development of an immune-humanized PDX model of estrogen-independent endocrine resistant ER+ MBC. Importantly, our model harbors a naturally occurring ESR1 mutation, and immune-humanization recapitulates the lymphocyte-excluded and myeloid-rich tumor microenvironment of human ER+ breast tumors.
conclusionThis model sets the stage for development of other clinically relevant models of human breast cancer and should allow future studies on mechanisms of endocrine resistance and tumor-immune interactions in an immune-humanized in vivo setting.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.