ArticleHealth & place2021
Google street view image availability in the Bronx and San Diego, 2007-2020: Understanding potential biases in virtual audits of urban built environments.
Article in Health & place, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neighborhood Revitalization and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Midlife and Older Adults Living in Low-Income Neighborhoods in the Bronx, New York: Protocol for a Natural Experiment and Multimethod Community-Based Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Built Environment Change over Time Using Google Street View Assessments of Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Cities.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Open-source data pipeline for street-view images: A case study on community mobility during COVID-19 pandemic.PloS one · 2024Article
- Measuring changes in neighborhood disorder using Google Street View longitudinal imagery: a feasibility study.Cities & health · 2023Article
- Go-Along Virtual INTERview (GVIv): A Novel Nurse-Led Qualitative Method for Exploring Neighborhood Lived Experience and Health.Global qualitative nursing researchArticle
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Google Street View's 'Time Machine' feature holds promise for longitudinal street audits of built and natural environments for urban health research. As images are only available when Google collected data, differential image availability over time and place could bias audit data quality. We assessed image availability at 2000 randomly selected locations within the Bronx and San Diego from which Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) participants were recruited. In the Bronx, a mean of 7.4 images (95% CI: 7.2,7.5) were available at each location, and 63% of those locations had imagery in 2007 and 2019. In San Diego, fewer images were available (mean 5.4, 95% CI: 5.2,5.6) especially on minor streets (mean 4.4, 95% CI: 4.1,4.6). Image availability was more spatially clustered in San Diego (Moran's I 0.14) than the Bronx (Moran's I 0.04). Differential image availability may affect precision of neighborhood change estimates assessed by longitudinal virtual audit.
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