Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34715530›Full record

Trial reportEarly human development2021

Socio-demographic factors related to parent engagement in the NICU and the impact of the SENSE program.

Laura Whitehill, Joan Smith, Graham Colditz, Tiffany Le, Polly Kellner, Roberta Pineda

Open access · greenAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in Early human development, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed
6.0field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Social and structural disparities in family presence and engagement in the NICU.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Preterm Infant Brain Injury: Parental Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Sociodemographic characteristics of maternal presence in neonatal intensive care: an intersectional analysis.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
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  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and neonatal length of the stay.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Laura WhitehillSchool of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Institute for Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Joan SmithDepartment of Quality, Safety and Practice Excellence, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Graham ColditzDepartment of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Tiffany LeProgram in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Polly KellnerChan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Roberta PinedaProgram in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Gehr Family Center for Health Systems Science and Innovation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for the Changing Family, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: pinedaro@usc.edu.
Washington University in St. Louis · USSt. Louis Children's Hospital · USUniversity of Southern California · US

Funding

WU INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCESUL1TR002345 · NCATS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI William G. Powderly · 2017 to 2026
$97.8M
Washington University Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research CenterP30HD062171 · NICHD · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI CONSTANTINO, JOHN N. · 2010 to 2014
$4.3M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002345NICHD NIH HHS P30 HD062171
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEarly parent engagement in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is important for both parent and infant mental health and for improving developmental outcomes. It remains unclear how different programs, such as the Supporting and Enhancing NICU Sensory Experiences (SENSE) program, may empower parents from various socio-demographic groups to engage in the NICU. An improved understanding could aid in individualizing interventions for those at the highest risk for health disparities.

aimsThis exploratory study, which was part of a larger study, sought to explore 1) socio-demographic factors related to parent presence and engagement in the NICU and 2) if the SENSE program related to increased parent presence and engagement among different socio-demographic groups.

methodsSeventy parent-infant dyads (born ≤ 32 weeks gestation) were randomized to SENSE programming (parent education and age-appropriate, positive sensory interventions for parents to conduct with their infants every day of hospitalization) or standard care after admission to the NICU. The amount of parent presence and participation in sensory activities was tracked using bedside logs, nursing records, and research team documentation.

resultsBeing married (p = 0.048; p = 0.01), having private insurance (p < 0.001; p = 0.01), and having fewer children (p = 0.004; p = 0.03) related to more parent presence and engagement respectively. Parents who were Black had less presence and engagement in the NICU (p = 0.04; p = 0.02). Participation in the SENSE program was related to more parent presence and engagement among younger mothers (p = 0.002; p ≤0.001) and among parents living farther distances from the hospital (p < 0.001; p = 0.004).

conclusionProgramming, such as the SENSE program, can improve parent engagement in the NICU among high-risk groups.

Indexed as

Intensive Care Units, NeonatalParentsGestational AgeHumansInfant, NewbornSociodemographic FactorsDevelopmentHealth disparitiesNeonatal intensive care unitParent engagementSensory interventionsSocio-demographic

Identifiers

PMID34715530
PMCPMC8629943
OpenAlexW3205338055

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.