Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34713962›Full record

ReviewObesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity2022

The incretin/glucagon system as a target for pharmacotherapy of obesity.

Stefano Del Prato, Baptist Gallwitz, Jens Juul Holst, Juris J Meier

Registry-linked trialOpen access · hybridAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07713992 (Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Moderate to Severe Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Previously Treated With Semaglutide), which is not on this map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
40citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
5.7field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07713992 nanot yet recruitingstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Moderate to Severe Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Previously Treated With Semaglutide: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial (IIT)

Ran2026Enrolled72Registered outcomes20Posted comparisons0ConditionsNonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) With History of Diabetes Melitus, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)ArmsMazdutide(Dual GLP-1R/GCGR Agonist), Semaglutide (1 Mg Dose)
Open the trial in the graph
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.

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  8. Hypothalamus-liver talks: whispers in the language of metabolism.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.

Stefano Del PratoDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Baptist GallwitzDepartment of Internal Medicine IV, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
Jens Juul HolstDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Juris J MeierDivision of Diabetology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
Ruhr University Bochum · DEUniversity of Copenhagen · DKUniversity of Pisa · ITUniversity of Tübingen · DE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial, relapsing disease. Despite multicomponent lifestyle interventions, including pharmacotherapy, maintaining bodyweight loss is challenging for many people. The pathophysiology of obesity is complex, and currently approved pharmacotherapies only target a few of the many pathways involved; thus, single-targeting agents have limited efficacy. Proglucagon-derived peptides, glucagon, and the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), represent attractive targets for managing obesity and metabolic disorders because they may have direct roles in multiple mechanisms including satiety, energy homeostasis, and lipolytic activity. Unimolecular dual and triple agonists targeting glucagon and incretin hormone receptors have been shown to promote bodyweight loss, lower glucose levels, and reduce food intake in animal models of obesity. Multiple dual receptor agonists are in clinical development for the treatment of obesity, including GLP-1/GIP and GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonists. The extent to which glucagon contributes to treatment effects remains to be understood, but it may promote bodyweight loss by reducing food intake, while concomitant GLP-1 receptor agonism ensures normal glucose control. Further research is required to fully understand the molecular mechanisms of action and metabolic effects of both dual and triple receptor agonists.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2IncretinsAnimalsGastric Inhibitory PolypeptideGlucagonGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHumansObesityGastric Inhibitory PolypeptideGlucagonGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsIncretinsdual agonistGLP-1glucagonoverweight

Identifiers

PMID34713962
PMCPMC9286339
OpenAlexW3209243563

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.