ReviewCancer communications (London, England)2021
Tumor organoids: synergistic applications, current challenges, and future prospects in cancer therapy.
Review in Cancer communications (London, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Construction of 3D bioprinted colorectal cancer models and evaluation of their efficacy and drug sensitivity.APL bioengineering · 2026Article
- Constructing anTranslational cancer research · 2026Article
- Harnessing human tumor organoids for cancer modeling and precision therapy.Protein & cell · 2026Review
- Systematic modeling of phenotypic drug response profiles in patient-derived organoids.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Gastric Cancer Organoids: Mechanistic Insights, Drug Discovery, and Translational Advances in Precision Medicine.Journal of gastric cancer · 2026Review
- Organoid technology in cancer research.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- [Standardized Construction of Lung Cancer Organoids and Their Application Progress in the Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer].Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer · 2026Review
- Fluorescently engineered KRAS-mutant organoids as versatile tools for in vitro and in vivo cancer modeling.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Organoids: From Bench to Bedside Applications.MedComm · 2026Review
- Organoid models: Regulations and prospects for the development of investigational new drugs.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Progress and challenges in the development of advanced pancreatic cancer organoids.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Review
- Harnessing Cancer Stem Cells and 3D Organoids in Unravelling Spatial and Cellular Heterogeneity in Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Harnessing Tumor Organoids to Revolutionize Immunotherapy Research.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- Organoids: technology refining, current applications and future directions.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Biomimetic bone niche reconstructs proliferation-inhibited and therapy-resistant bone-metastatic prostate cancer.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Patient-derived tumor organoids for new drug development: promises and challenges.Investigational new drugs · 2026Review
- Article
- EphA2 sustains the adaptive response of colorectal organoids to chemotherapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Organoid models: applications and research advances in gastric cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer cells (PDCs) and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are often used as tumor models, but have many shortcomings. PDCs not only lack diversity in terms of cell type, spatial organization, and microenvironment but also have adverse effects in stem cell cultures, whereas PDX are expensive with a low transplantation success rate and require a long culture time. In recent years, advances in three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture technology have led to the development of novel physiological systems that model the tissues of origin more precisely than traditional culture methods. Patient-derived cancer organoids bridge the conventional gaps in PDC and PDX models and closely reflect the pathophysiological features of natural tumorigenesis and metastasis, and have led to new patient-specific drug screening techniques, development of individualized treatment regimens, and discovery of prognostic biomarkers and mechanisms of resistance. Synergistic combinations of cancer organoids with other technologies, for example, organ-on-a-chip, 3D bio-printing, and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated homology-independent organoid transgenesis, and with treatments, such as immunotherapy, have been useful in overcoming their limitations and led to the development of more suitable model systems that recapitulate the complex stroma of cancer, inter-organ and intra-organ communications, and potentially multiorgan metastasis. In this review, we discuss various methods for the creation of organ-specific cancer organoids and summarize organ-specific advances and applications, synergistic technologies, and treatments as well as current limitations and future prospects for cancer organoids. Further advances will bring this novel 3D organoid culture technique closer to clinical practice in the future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.