Barriers of Doctors and Patients in Starting Insulin for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background Management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may involve insulin therapy. However, this treatment may be avoided or delayed by physicians or patients due to the presence of certain barriers. This study aimed to evaluate the barriers to initiating insulin therapy for both physicians and patients with T2DM.  Method This was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study. Data related to the physicians' personal and professional experience were collected, and 15 barriers to initiating insulin therapy were scored by each physician on a four-point Likert scale. Also, the patients' general data were collected, including previous insulin experience, discontinuation reason, and willingness to start insulin therapy if indicated. Twenty-one other barriers were examined with yes/no questions as well. Results For physicians, the patient's treatment compliance, motive, dependence on others for insulin therapy, hypoglycemia, socioeconomic status, occupation, and lack of follow-up were the most highly ranked barriers to initiating insulin therapy. A history of insulin use was reported in 42 (20.7%) patients, 31 of whom had decided to discontinue insulin therapy themselves (73.8%). The three most common reasons for discontinuing insulin therapy among patients were deterioration of T2DM and causing complications, hypoglycemia, and needle injections. Based on the findings, 99 (48.8%) patients were willing to start insulin therapy, if indicated. The family history of insulin therapy was positively correlated with the patient's willingness to start insulin. On the other hand, it was negatively correlated with a low educational level and some barriers to insulin therapy, such as fear of death, dependence on others, the difficulty of carrying insulin while traveling, follow-up challenges, the difficulty of dosing accuracy, the difficulty of keeping insulin, inconveniences in daily life, considering insulin as the last resort, the deterioration of T2DM with insulin, and social stigma. Conclusion The physicians believed that the barriers to initiating insulin therapy were mainly related to the patient's attitudes and thoughts about this therapy. While hypoglycemia and weight gain are well-known side effects of insulin therapy, the most important patient-related barriers to insulin therapy were related to its impact on the patient's social life and misperceptions about the side effects of insulin.