ArticleCommunications biology2021
Smoking is significantly associated with increased risk of COVID-19 and other respiratory infections.
Article in Communications biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk phenotypes of diabetes and association with COVID-19 severity and death: an update of a living systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetologia · 2023Pooled it
- Identifying factors contributing to increased susceptibility to COVID-19 risk: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Pooled it
- Evaluation of Acute Exposure to Combustible and Novel Tobacco Products Using an In Vitro Human Airway Organ Tissue Equivalent Model.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Feasibility and Preliminary Effects of Aquatic Exercise on Pulmonary Function and Dynamic Balance in Young Adult Smokers: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Multivariate genome-wide analyses of insulin resistance unravel novel loci and therapeutic targets for cardiometabolic health.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Lung cancer and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: a Mendelian randomization analysis.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- A multi-omics Mendelian randomization study identifies new therapeutic targets for alcohol use disorder and problem drinking.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- Influence of Donor-Specific Characteristics on Cytokine Responses in H3N2 Influenza A Virus Infection: New Insights from an Ex Vivo Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Relationship between Smoking and Susceptibility to HIV Infection: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Associations of educational attainment with Sepsis mediated by metabolism traits and smoking: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Dried Cannabis Use, Tobacco Smoking, and COVID-19 Infection: Findings from a Longitudinal Observational Cohort Study.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2024Article
- Externalizing traits: Shared causalities for COVID-19 and Alzheimer's dementia using Mendelian randomization analysis.PNAS nexus · 2023Article
- Vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac against SARS-CoV-2 omicron infection and related hospital admission among people with substance use disorder in Hong Kong: a matched case-control study.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2023Article
- Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol and tobacco consumption: Evidence from Peru.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Increased healthcare costs in COVID-19 patients with unhealthy habits: The case of smoking.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Adherence to COVID-19 Guidelines among Current, Former, and Never Smokers.American journal of health behavior · 2022Article
- Substance use and common contributors to morbidity: A genetics perspective.EBioMedicine · 2022Review
- Can smoking prevalence explain COVID-19 indicators (cases, mortality, and recovery)? A comparative study in OECD countries.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Observational studies suggest smoking, cannabis use, alcohol consumption, and substance use disorders (SUDs) may impact risk for respiratory infections, including coronavirus 2019 (COVID-2019). However, causal inference is challenging due to comorbid substance use. Using summary-level European ancestry data (>1.7 million participants), we performed single-variable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate relationships between substance use behaviors, COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. Genetic liability for smoking demonstrated the strongest associations with COVID-19 infection risk, including the risk for very severe respiratory confirmed COVID-19 (odds ratio (OR) = 2.69, 95% CI, 1.42, 5.10, P-value = 0.002), and COVID-19 infections requiring hospitalization (OR = 3.49, 95% CI, 2.23, 5.44, P-value = 3.74 × 10
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.