ReviewNPJ vaccines2021
Scientific rationale for developing potent RBD-based vaccines targeting COVID-19.
Review in NPJ vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 155 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interim analysis from a phase 2 randomized trial of EuCorVac-19: a recombinant protein SARS-CoV-2 RBD nanoliposome vaccine.BMC medicine · 2022Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of the RBD-Dimer-Based Covid-19 Vaccine ZF2001 in Adults.The New England journal of medicine · 2022Trial
- Vaccinology in the twenty-first century revisited.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Inhaled Virus-Mimicking Particles Elicit Dose-Dependent Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 with Sex-Bias ACE2 Activity in Mice.Nano letters · 2026Article
- Rational design of a modular mRNA vaccine platform for rapid adaptation to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- mRNA delivery of mosaic-8 pan-sarbecovirus RBD vaccines elicits distinct antibody epitope signatures.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Amplifying immune responses via a parenteral prime-intranasal boost strategy using a lipidated chitosan nanoparticle-based multi-epitope COVID-19 vaccine.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Effectiveness, immunogenicity and safety of monovalent DS-5670a and bivalent DS-5670a/b SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: results from two randomized, active-comparator, non-inferiority trials.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 fusion-peptide-directed antibodies are elicited by natural infection and can mediate broad sarbecovirus neutralization.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Direct Cytoplasmic Transcription and Trimeric RBD Design Synergize to Enhance DNA Vaccine Potency Against SARS-CoV-2.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- mRNA delivery of genetically encoded mosaic-8 pan-sarbecovirus RBD vaccines.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A novel nanoparticle vaccine, based on S1-CTD, elicits robust protective immune responses against porcine deltacoronavirus.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- An MVA-Based Vector Expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RBD Fused to N Protein Induces Neutralizing Antibodies and T-Cell Immune Response in Mice.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2025Article
- Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human ProbioticVaccines · 2025Article
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- Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 efficiently expresses the RBD domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein without codon optimization.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A novel platform for engineered AAV-based vaccines.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Peptide-Directed Antibodies Elicited by Natural Infection Mediate Broad Sarbecovirus Neutralization.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination of the global population against COVID-19 is a great scientific, logistical, and moral challenge. Despite the rapid development and authorization of several full-length Spike (S) protein vaccines, the global demand outweighs the current supply and there is a need for safe, potent, high-volume, affordable vaccines that can fill this gap, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Whether SARS-CoV-2 S-protein receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based vaccines could fill this gap has been debated, especially with regards to its suitability to protect against emerging viral variants of concern. Given a predominance for elicitation of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target RBD following natural infection or vaccination, a key biomarker of protection, there is merit for selection of RBD as a sole vaccine immunogen. With its high-yielding production and manufacturing potential, RBD-based vaccines offer an abundance of temperature-stable doses at an affordable cost. In addition, as the RBD preferentially focuses the immune response to potent and recently recognized cross-protective determinants, this domain may be central to the development of future pan-sarbecovirus vaccines. In this study, we review the data supporting the non-inferiority of RBD as a vaccine immunogen compared to full-length S-protein vaccines with respect to humoral and cellular immune responses against both the prototype pandemic SARS-CoV-2 isolate and emerging variants of concern.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.