ReviewNPJ vaccines2021
Exploiting viral sensing mediated by Toll-like receptors to design innovative vaccines.
Review in NPJ vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antiviral innate immunity in myocarditis: mechanisms and emerging therapeutics.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Nucleic acid sensing pathways in kidney disease development.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Beyond the Stomach: Exploring the Role ofExpert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- mRNA vaccine design targeting Merkel cell polyomavirus for immunotherapy of Merkel cell carcinoma.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Respiratory syncytial viral load drives ciliated cell dedifferentiation and suppresses antiviral immunity.Science advances · 2026Article
- Reprogramming innate immunity through viral interference: A double-edged strategy for enhancing and containing gene therapies.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Innate immune sensing of dietary alcohol ignites inflammation to drive alcohol-related disease.Science advances · 2026Article
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Could artificial intelligence gradually replace classical adjuvants?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- 3D co-cultures of primary human hepatocytes and Kupffer-like cells to address innate immune responses to rAAV.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Treatment in acute HIV infection only temporarily preserves monocyte function: a comparative cohort study in adult males.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 innate immune recognition and implications for respiratory health.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2025Review
- Multi-Epitope-Based Peptide Vaccine Against Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3: Design and Immunoinformatics Approach.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- MyD88 Contributes to TLR3-Mediated NF-κB Activation and Cytokine Production in Macrophages.Cells · 2025Article
- Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Lung Cancer: The Role of Immunotherapy and HPV-Targeted Cancer Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Nucleic Acid Diversity in cGAS-STING Pathway Activation and Immune Dysregulation.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Immune Organoids: A Review of Their Applications in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease Immunotherapy.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Downregulation of Toll-Like Receptor Gene Expression Among Hepatitis B Virus-Positive Human Patients.Cureus · 2025Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the family of pattern-recognition receptors. They function as sensors of invading pathogens through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. After their engagement by microbial ligands, TLRs trigger downstream signaling pathways that culminate into transcriptional upregulation of genes involved in immune defense. Here we provide an updated overview on members of the TLR family and we focus on their role in antiviral response. Understanding of innate sensing and signaling of viruses triggered by these receptors would provide useful knowledge to prompt the development of vaccines able to elicit effective and long-lasting immune responses. We describe the mechanisms developed by viral pathogens to escape from immune surveillance mediated by TLRs and finally discuss how TLR/virus interplay might be exploited to guide the design of innovative vaccine platforms.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.