Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34709712›Full record

ArticleNeurogastroenterology and motility2022

Deep learning-based artificial intelligence model for identifying swallow types in esophageal high-resolution manometry.

Wenjun Kou, Galal Osama Galal, Matthew William Klug, Vladislav Mukhin, Dustin A Carlson, Mozziyar Etemadi, Peter J Kahrilas, John E Pandolfino

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Neurogastroenterology and motility, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
20citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
2.6field-weighted citation impact, top 10% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Future perspectives in esophageal manometry.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2025
    Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Age-defying swallowing.Frontiers in aging · 2025
    Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Wenjun KouGastroenterology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2582-2070
Galal Osama GalalAnesthesiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Matthew William KlugAnesthesiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Vladislav MukhinAnesthesiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Dustin A CarlsonGastroenterology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1702-7758
Mozziyar EtemadiAnesthesiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Peter J KahrilasGastroenterology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
John E PandolfinoGastroenterology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Northwestern University · US

Funding

Northwestern University Clinical and Translational Science Institute (NUCATS)UL1TR001422 · NCATS · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI D'AQUILA, RICHARD · 2015 to 2023
$56.8M
Role of altered response to volumetric distension in esophageal diseaseP01DK117824 · NIDDK · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI PANDOLFINO, JOHN E · 2018 to 2022
$7.3M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001422NIDDK NIH HHS P01 DK117824
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThis study aimed to build and evaluate a deep learning, artificial intelligence (AI) model to automatically classify swallow types based on raw data from esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM).

methodsHRM studies on patients with no history of esophageal surgery were collected including 1,741 studies with 26,115 swallows labeled by swallow type (normal, hypercontractile, weak-fragmented, failed, and premature) by an expert interpreter per the Chicago Classification. The dataset was stratified and split into train/validation/test datasets for model development. Long short-term memory (LSTM), a type of deep-learning AI model, was trained and evaluated. The overall performance and detailed per-swallow type performance were analyzed. The interpretations of the supine swallows in a single study were further used to generate an overall classification of peristalsis. KEY

resultsThe LSTM model for swallow type yielded accuracies from the train/validation/test datasets of 0.86/0.81/0.83. The model's interpretation for study-level classification of peristalsis yielded accuracy of 0.88 in the test dataset. Among model misclassification, 535/698 (77%) swallows and 25/35 (71%) studies were to adjacent categories, for example, normal to weak or normal to ineffective, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: A deep-learning AI model can automatically and accurately identify the Chicago Classification swallow types and peristalsis classification from raw HRM data. While future work to refine this model and incorporate overall manometric diagnoses are needed, this study demonstrates the role that AI will serve in the interpretation and classification of esophageal HRM studies.

Indexed as

Deep LearningEsophageal Motility DisordersArtificial IntelligenceDeglutitionHumansManometryPeristalsisesophageal peristalsishigh-resolution manometrymachine learning

Identifiers

PMID34709712
PMCPMC9046460
OpenAlexW3209273516

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.