Training of nonophthalmologists in diabetic retinopathy screening.

The burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) is at alarming proportions in India and around the globe. The number of people with DM in India is estimated to increase to over 134 million by 2045. Screening and early identification of sight-threatening DR are proven ways of reducing DR-related blindness. An ideal DR screening model should include personalized awareness, targeted screening, integrated follow-up reminders, and capacity building. The DR screening technology is slowly shifting from direct examination by an ophthalmologist to remote screening using retinal photographs, including telescreening and automated grading of retinal images using artificial intelligence. The ophthalmologist-to-patient ratio is poor in India, and there is an urban-rural divide. The possibility of screening all people with diabetes by ophthalmologists alone is a remote possibility. It is prudent to use the available nonophthalmologist workforce for DR screening in tandem with the technological advances. Capacity-building efforts are based on the principle of task sharing, which allows for the training of a variety of nonophthalmologists in DR screening techniques and technology. The nonophthalmologist human resources for health include physicians, optometrists, allied ophthalmic personnel, nurses, and pharmacists, among others. A concurrent augmentation of health infrastructure, conducive health policy, improved advocacy, and increased people's participation are necessary requirements for successful DR screening. This perspective looks at the characteristics of various nonophthalmologist DR screening models and their applicability in addressing DR-related blindness in India.