ArticleJournal of neurology2022
How to diagnose and manage neurological toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors: an update.
Article in Journal of neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibody-positive paraneoplastic neurological syndromes associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review.Journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Beyond T cell toxicity - Intrathecal chemokine CXCL13 indicating B cell involvement in immune-related adverse events following checkpoint inhibition: A two-case series and literature review.European journal of neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Prognosis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myasthenia gravis: a single center experience and systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Checkpoint blockade-related CNS adverse events are characterized by neurotoxic T helper cells with sustained neuroantigen reactivity.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Neurotoxicity of Immunotherapy: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Encephalitis vs. Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome.World journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Camrelizumab-associated MG-like ocular neuromuscular toxicity after PD-1 inhibitor rechallenge in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report with serial muscle injury-related biomarker changes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Association between immune-related adverse events and prognosis in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: A bibliometric and visual analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated aseptic meningitis: a pharmacovigilance study using the FDA adverse event reporting system (2011-2024).Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Cerebral small vessel disease as a possibly immune-related adverse event of immunotherapy in lung cancer patients: a retrospective study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Prediction, prevention, and precision treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor neurological toxicity using autoantibodies, cytokines, and microbiota.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Cerebellar Toxicity: Clinical Features and Comparison with Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Ataxia.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2024Article
- Unravelling the Acute, Chronic and Steroid-Refractory Management of High-Grade Neurological Immune-Related Adverse Events: A Call to Action.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Neurological Adverse Events Related to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Practical Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Emerging Role of Circular RNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Neurologic Complications of Cancer Immunotherapy.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Review
- Ophthalmic immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Case Report: Limbic encephalitis following treatment with durvalumab for small-cell lung cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Seizures, Epilepsy, and NORSE Secondary to Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Myasthenia Gravis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: An Emerging Neurotoxicity in Neuro-Oncology Practice: Case Series.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Editorial: Phenotypes of myasthenia gravis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
As the use of cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is expanding rapidly for the treatment of many tumor types, it is crucial that both neurologists and oncologists become familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of neurological immune-related adverse events (n-irAEs). These are rare complications, developing in their severe forms in only 1-3% of the patients, but are highly relevant due to their mortality and morbidity burden. The diagnosis of n-irAEs is-however-challenging, as many alternative diagnoses need to be considered in the complex scenario of a patient with advanced cancer developing neurological problems. A tailored diagnostic approach is advisable according to the presentation, clinical history, and known specificities of n-irAEs. Several patterns characterized by distinct clinical, immunological, and prognostic characteristics are beginning to emerge. For example, myasthenia gravis is more likely to develop after anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) treatment, while meningitis appears more frequently after anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) therapy. Also, peripheral neuropathy and Guillain-Barré syndrome seem to be more common in patients with an underlying melanoma. Central nervous system disorders (CNS) are less frequent and are more often associated with lung cancer, and some of them (especially those with limbic encephalitis and positive onconeural antibodies) have a poor prognosis. Herein, we provide an update of the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological toxicities related to ICI use, focusing on the exclusion of alternative diagnoses, diagnostic specificities, and treatment of n-irAEs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.