Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34707471›Full record

ArticleTobacco induced diseases2021

Policy priorities for strengthening smokeless tobacco control in Bangladesh: A mixed-methods analysis.

Rumana Huque, Zunayed Al Azdi, Aziz Sheikh, Jasjit S Ahluwalia, Masuma P Mishu, Ravi Mehrotra, Nasiruddin Ahmed, Linda Bauld, Syed Mahfuzul Huq, Syed Mahbubul Alam and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Tobacco induced diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Mixed Methods Process Evaluation of Behavioral Support and Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smokeless Tobacco Cessation in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Rumana HuqueDepartment of Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Zunayed Al AzdiARK Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Aziz SheikhUsher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Jasjit S AhluwaliaDepartment of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Alpert Medical School, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, United States.
Masuma P MishuDepartment of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, Heslington, United Kingdom.
Ravi MehrotraCentre for Health Economics, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
Nasiruddin Ahmed8 Institute of Governance and Development, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Linda BauldUsher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Syed Mahfuzul HuqCountry Office of World Health Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Syed Mahbubul AlamThe Union, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Faraz SiddiquiDepartment of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, Heslington, United Kingdom.
Sohel R ChoudhuryDepartment of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Kamran SiddiqiDepartment of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, Heslington, United Kingdom.

Funding

World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionSmokeless tobacco (ST) remains poorly regulated in Bangladesh. This study describes the prevalence and trends of ST use in Bangladesh, presents ST-related disease burden, identifies relevant policy gaps, and highlights key implications for future policy and practice for effective ST control in Bangladesh.

methodsWe analyzed secondary data from the two rounds (2009 and 2017) of The Global Adult Tobacco Survey, estimated ST-related disease burden, and conducted a review to assess differences in combustible tobacco and ST policies. In addition, we gathered views in a workshop with key stakeholders in the country on gaps in existing tobacco control policies for ST control in Bangladesh and identified policy priorities using an online survey.

resultsSmokeless tobacco use, constituting more than half of all tobacco use in Bangladesh, declined from 27.2% (25.9 million) in 2009 to 20.6% (22 million) in 2017. However, in 2017, at least 16947 lives and 403460 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) were lost across Bangladesh due to ST use compared to 12511 deaths and 324020 DALYs lost in 2010. Policy priorities identified for ST control have included: introducing specific taxes and increasing the present

conclusionsOur analysis shows that compared to combustible tobacco, there remain gaps in implementing and compliance with ST control policies in Bangladesh. Thus, contrary to the decline in ST use and the usual time lag between tobacco exposure and the development of cancers, the ST-related disease burden is still on the rise in Bangladesh. Strengthening ST control at this stage can accelerate this decline and reduce ST related morbidity and mortality.

Indexed as

regulationsmokeless tobaccotobacco controltobacco policytobacco tax

Identifiers

PMID34707471
PMCPMC8500203

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.