Observational studyNature medicine2021
The impact of school opening model on SARS-CoV-2 community incidence and mortality.
Observational study in Nature medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemicThe Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Optimization of school closures during an Omicron epidemic in Hong Kong: a modelling study.Interface focus · 2025Article
- School opening associated with lower test-adjusted COVID-19 case rates in children.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Observational
- New Diagnoses of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of a Large United States Commercial Insurance Database.Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases · 2025Article
- Measuring the clustering effect of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a school population: a cross-sectional study in a high incidence region.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Politics of School Reopening During COVID-19: A Multiple Case Study of Five Urban Districts in the 2020-21 School Year.Educational administration quarterly : EAQ · 2023Article
- School closures and effective in-person learning during COVID-19.Economics of education review · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic disparities in the reopening of schools during the pandemic in Chile.International journal of educational development · 2023Article
- Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in primary and secondary school students and staff in England in the 2020/2021 school year: a longitudinal study.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023Article
- Embracing dynamic public health policy impacts in infectious diseases responses: leveraging implementation science to improve practice.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- The next 'pandemic playbook' needs to prioritize the needs of children-and a clear roadmap for opening schools.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2023Article
- Long COVID as a functional somatic symptom disorder caused by abnormally precise prior expectations during Bayesian perceptual processing: A new hypothesis and implications for pandemic response.SAGE open medicine · 2023Review
- Evolution of the COVID-19 Pandemic after the Introduction of School Referral Nurses in the Province of Granada-A Descriptive Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Experience with open schools and preschools in periods of high community transmission of COVID-19 in Norway during the academic year of 2020/2021.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Schools under mandatory testing can mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- [Mandatory Testing in Schools can Significantly Reduce Underreporting of COVID-19 Infections Among Students with in-Class Teaching Compared to Home Schooling].Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)) · 2022Article
- Turkey's transition to face-to-face schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2022Article
- COVID-19 and children: medical impact and collateral damage.Microbial biotechnology · 2022Review
- The role of schools in driving SARS-CoV-2 transmission: Not just an open-and-shut case.Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
- Update of
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The role that traditional and hybrid in-person schooling modes contribute to the community incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections relative to fully remote schooling is unknown. We conducted an event study using a retrospective nationwide cohort evaluating the effect of school mode on SARS-CoV-2 cases during the 12 weeks after school opening (July-September 2020, before the Delta variant was predominant), stratified by US Census region. After controlling for case rate trends before school start, state-level mitigation measures and community activity level, SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates were not statistically different in counties with in-person learning versus remote school modes in most regions of the United States. In the South, there was a significant and sustained increase in cases per week among counties that opened in a hybrid or traditional mode versus remote, with weekly effects ranging from 9.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.7-16.1) to 21.3 (95% CI = 9.9-32.7) additional cases per 100,000 persons, driven by increasing cases among 0-9 year olds and adults. Schools can reopen for in-person learning without substantially increasing community case rates of SARS-CoV-2; however, the impacts are variable. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the underlying reasons for the observed regional differences more fully.
Indexed as
Identifiers
34707317What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.