ArticleJournal of affective disorders2021
Trajectories of change in internalizing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal population-based study.
Article in Journal of affective disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mental Health Impact of Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Individuals with Pre-Existing Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Research.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Childhood Threat and Deprivation and Links to Mental Health Behaviors and Health Risk Behaviors Among Young Sexual Minority Men: The Differential Roles of Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Changes in Mental Health, Sexual Function, and Satisfaction among Iranian Women With and Without COVID-19: A Longitudinal Comparative Study.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Psychological distress is associated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: 2021-2023.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- A systematic review of individual, social, and societal resilience factors in response to societal challenges and crises.Communications psychology · 2024Article
- Persistence of anxiety among Asian Americans: racial and ethnic heterogeneity in the longitudinal trends in mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Article
- Interrelations of resilience factors and their incremental impact for mental health: insights from network modeling using a prospective study across seven timepoints.Translational psychiatry · 2023Article
- Social determinants of mental health during a year of the COVID-19 pandemic.Development and psychopathology · 2023Article
- Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom trajectories in a 16-month COVID-19 pandemic period.Journal of traumatic stress · 2023Article
- Longitudinal impact of the COVID19 pandemic on mental health in a general population sample in France: Evidence from the COMET Study.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Article
- Self-compassion predicted joint trajectories of depression and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: A five-wave longitudinal study on Chinese college students.Journal of affective disorders · 2022Article
- Trajectories of resilience and mental distress to global major disruptions.Trends in cognitive sciences · 2022Review
- Trajectories of common mental disorders symptoms before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the ELSA-Brasil COVID-19 Mental Health Cohort.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Article
- Psychological distress associated with the second COVID-19 wave: Prospective evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study.Journal of affective disorders · 2022Article
- Meaningfulness protects from and crisis of meaning exacerbates general mental distress longitudinally.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- Design, content, and fieldwork procedures of the COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) Study - Wave 4.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2022Article
- Tracking the Irish adult population during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: A methodological report of the COVID-19 psychological research consortium (C19PRC) study in Ireland.Acta psychologica · 2021Article
- Sharing data to better understand one of the world's most significant shared experiences: data resource profile of the longitudinal COVID-19 psychological research consortium (C19PRC) study.International journal of population data science · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLongitudinal data indicates that the mental health of the general population may not have been as badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic as some had feared. Most studies examining change in mental health during the pandemic have assumed population homogeneity which may conceal evidence of worsening mental health for some. In this study, we applied a heterogeneous perspective to determine if there were distinct groups in the population characterised by different patterns of change in internalizing symptoms during the pandemic.
methodsSelf-report data were collected from a nationally representative sample of Irish adults (N = 1041) at four time-points between April and December 2020.
resultsIn the entire sample, mean levels of internalizing symptoms significantly declined from March to December 2020. However, we identified four distinct groups with different patterns of change. The most common response was 'Resilience' (66.7%), followed by 'Improving' (17.9%), 'Worsening' (11.3%), and 'Sustained' (4.1%). Belonging to the 'Worsening' class was associated with younger age, city dwelling, current and past treatment for a mental health problem, higher levels of empathy, and higher levels of loneliness. LIMITATIONS: Sample attrition was relatively high and although this was managed using robust statistical methods, bias associated with non-responses cannot be entirely ruled out.
conclusionThe majority of adults experienced no change, or an improvement in internalizing symptoms during the pandemic, and a relatively small proportion of adults experienced a worsening of internalizing symptoms. Limited public mental health resources should be targeted toward helping these at-risk individuals.
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