ReviewNature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology2022
Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction.
Review in Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 272 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
272 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 380 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of Alcohol on the Intestinal Immune System.Alcohol research : current reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Diagnostic Paracentesis Within 1 Day Is Associated With Reduced Mortality and Length of Hospital Stay in Patients with Cirrhosis and Ascites.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Immune biomarkers predicting response to G-CSF in acute-on-chronic liver failure: results from a GRAFT trial sub-study.Hepatology international · 2026Trial
- Autologous macrophage therapy for liver cirrhosis: a phase 2 open-label randomized controlled trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Nutritional-inflammatory indices optimize the diagnostic performance of FIB-4 for advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis in patients with benign liver disease.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- The role of systemic inflammation in hepatic encephalopathy: advances in inflammatory mechanisms, prevention and treatment research.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Review article: Immunosuppression in Decompensated Autoimmune Hepatitis Cirrhosis - To Suppress or Not to Suppress?Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2026Review
- A Distinct Immune Signature Characterizes Cirrhosis in Ethiopian Individuals With Chronic HBV Infection.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Impact of bacterial infection on native liver survival in children with cirrhosis due to biliary atresia.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Transhepatic Gradients Reveal Selective Hepatic Processing Defects With Systemic Consequences in Cirrhosis.Comprehensive physiology · 2026Article
- SOFA-2 Score and Mortality in Suspected Infection Stratified by Cirrhosis Status: A Multi-Institutional Observational Cohort Study.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Observational
- Phenotype-based appropriateness of IGM-enriched polyclonal immunoglobulin use in critical illness: report of an expert consensus.Journal of anesthesia, analgesia and critical care · 2026Review
- Characteristics associated with culture-positivity versus antibiotic administration in patients with cirrhosis on ICU admission: a retrospective cohort study in 5 hospitals.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- [Research advances in immune and metabolic dysregulation in the diagnosis and treatment of acute-on-chronic liver failure].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- Log-transformed systemic inflammation response index improves prediction of 28-day ICU mortality in critically ill patients with cirrhosis and atrial fibrillation: development in MIMIC-IV and external validation in eICU-CRD.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Uncovering immune dysfunction in ACLF: Cellular mechanisms, molecular pathways, and therapeutic frontiers.Journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- Cirrhosis Impairs Reconstitution of the Circulating T-Lymphocyte Compartment After Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection.United European gastroenterology journal · 2026Article
- Perioperative gut microbial ecology: a new frontier for improving the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma surgery.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Progressive Decline in Interferon-γ Release is Associated with Cirrhosis Progression and Severity: A Prospective Preliminary Report.Annals of laboratory medicine · 2026Article
- Article
212 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The term cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID) comprises the distinctive spectrum of immune alterations associated with the course of end-stage liver disease. Systemic inflammation and immune deficiency are the key components of CAID. Their severity is highly dynamic and progressive, paralleling cirrhosis stage. CAID involves two different immune phenotypes: the low-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype and the high-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype. The low-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype can be found in patients with compensated disease or clinical decompensation with no organ failure. In this phenotype, there is an exaggerated immune activation but the effector response is not markedly compromised. The high-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype is present in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure, a clinical situation characterized by decompensation, organ failure and high short-term mortality. Along with high-grade inflammation, this CAID phenotype includes intense immune paralysis that critically increases the risk of infections and worsens prognosis. The intensity of CAID has important consequences on cirrhosis progression and correlates with the severity of liver insufficiency, bacterial translocation and organ failure. Therapies targeting the modulation of the dysfunctional immune response are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.