ReviewNPJ Regenerative medicine2021
Macrophages in heterotopic ossification: from mechanisms to therapy.
Review in NPJ Regenerative medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrative Transcriptomic Profiling Delineates LTBP4-Driven Fibroblast Reprogramming Across the Ossification Continuum of the Ligamentum Flavum.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Macrophage-driven pathological ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities.Bone research · 2026Review
- Dietary omega-6 lipids promote postinjury aberrant bone formation in obesity.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Exploring the potential application of roxadustat in chronic kidney disease-related osteoporosis based on the regulatory role of HIF-1α in bone metabolism.Histology and histopathology · 2026Review
- USP24-dependent STAT2 stabilization mediates physiologic and pathologic bone formation.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals the heterogeneity of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and its immune microenvironment.Cell biology and toxicology · 2026Article
- Heterotopic Ossification: Molecular Drivers, Subtype-Specific Mechanisms, and Translational Therapeutic Advances.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Gut microbiome-dependent IL-1 signaling is a mediator of ACVR1bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- PRMT6 is required for initiating and amplifying macrophage-induced inflammation in heterotopic ossification by increasing CCL2 expression.Bone research · 2026Article
- Activin A secretion by muscle-repairing macrophages induces heterotopic ossification in mice.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- M2 macrophages promote heterotopic ossification through MSX2 binding to LEF1-mediated endothelial-mesenchymal transition.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Article
- Calcium ionic replacement in sodium trimetaphosphate particles: a novel strategy for bone tissue engineering.Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 2026Article
- Association and predictive value of systemic immune-inflammation index and body mass index in cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Article
- Angiogenesis in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: progress from mechanism to targeted intervention.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Targeting macrophage-mediated TGF-β/BMP signaling in ankylosing spondylitis: from inflammation to pathological bone formation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Integrin-mediated SPP1 signaling from macrophages orchestrates extracellular matrix remodeling and chondrogenesis in heterotopic ossification.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Single cell RNA-seq analysis associates Osm signaling in macrophages with osteogenic differentiation during heterotopic ossification.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Pak4-mediated crosstalk between necroptotic macrophages and tendon stem/progenitor cells contributes to traumatic heterotopic ossification formation.Bone research · 2025Article
- Article
- CBD-conjugated BMP-inhibiting exosomes on collagen scaffold dual-target Achilles tendon repair: Synergistic regeneration and heterotopic ossification prevention.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of extraskeletal bone in non-osseous tissues. It is caused by an injury that stimulates abnormal tissue healing and regeneration, and inflammation is involved in this process. It is worth noting that macrophages are crucial mediators of inflammation. In this regard, abundant macrophages are recruited to the HO site and contribute to HO progression. Macrophages can acquire different functional phenotypes and promote mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) osteogenic differentiation, chondrogenic differentiation, and angiogenesis by expressing cytokines and other factors such as the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), activin A (Act A), oncostatin M (OSM), substance P (SP), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In addition, macrophages significantly contribute to the hypoxic microenvironment, which primarily drives HO progression. Thus, these have led to an interest in the role of macrophages in HO by exploring whether HO is a "butterfly effect" event. Heterogeneous macrophages are regarded as the "butterflies" that drive a sequence of events and ultimately promote HO. In this review, we discuss how the recruitment of macrophages contributes to HO progression. In particular, we review the molecular mechanisms through which macrophages participate in MSC osteogenic differentiation, angiogenesis, and the hypoxic microenvironment. Understanding the diverse role of macrophages may unveil potential targets for the prevention and treatment of HO.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.