ReviewMaterials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications2021
FDA-approved bone grafts and bone graft substitute devices in bone regeneration.
Review in Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 203 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
203 citing papers in PubMed, 386 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recombinant Pure PDGF Improves Aesthetic Results and Patient Satisfaction Following RF Microneedling: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Trial
- The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of ErhBMP-2/BioCaP/β-TCP as a Novel Bone Substitute Using the Tooth-Extraction-Socket-Healing Model: A Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2025Trial
- BMP-7 mRNA delivered by Fibrin-CaP scaffolds activates osteogenic programs in vivo as evidenced by transcriptomic and proteomic analyses.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Engineering bioinspired, high-density collagen microgels with tunable intrafibrillar mineralization for accelerated osteogenesis in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo.Acta biomaterialia · 2026Article
- Fracture healing: from molecular and cellular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation of the Foot: Case Report and Review of Cases Published in the Last 15 Years.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Dual-gene regulation of NGF overexpression and P75NTR knockdown enhances BMSC osteogenesis by suppressing pyroptosis.iScience · 2026Article
- Cancellous allograft bone dowels for structural grafting in revision to reverse shoulder replacement.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2026Article
- The Impact of Human Placental Tissue-Derived Xenograft on Bone Healing and Pain Behaviors in a Murine Segmental Bone Defect Model.Military medicine · 2026Article
- Biochemical and Physicomechanical Cues of Biomaterials Guide Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Enhancing Bone Healing with a Priming Stimulus.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sustained release PLGA microspheres loaded with a bone-affinity Bmp2 enhance fracture healing and mitigate heterotopic ossification.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- The potential of eggshell membrane in bone regeneration: a scoping review of applications and advances.The Saudi dental journal · 2026Review
- Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Locking-Plate Fixation Augmented with a Porous Hydroxyapatite Bone Substitute for Proximal Humerus Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study with 12-Month Follow-Up.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Role of polymeric nanocomposite for tissue engineering applications.RSC advances · 2026Review
- A Rras2-BMPR2 feedback loop sustains osteogenesis and represents a therapeutic target for osteoporosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Human BMP4 mRNA Encapsulated in Lipid Nanoparticle for Bone and Articular Cartilage Repair in Aged Mice.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Bone Growth Stimulators to Enhance Spinal Fusion Outcomes.Spine surgery and related research · 2026Review
- Bone Fusion in the Cervical Spine: Where Are We Now?Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
143 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
To induce bone regeneration there is a complex cascade of growth factors. Growth factors such as recombinant BMP-2, BMP-7, and PDGF are FDA-approved therapies in bone regeneration. Although, BMP shows promising results as being an alternative to autograft, it also has its own downfalls. BMP-2 has many adverse effects such as inflammatory complications such as massive soft-tissue swelling that can compromise a patient's airway, ectopic bone formation, and tumor formation. BMP-2 may also be advantageous for patients not willing to give up smoking as it shows bone regeneration success with smokers. BMP-7 is no longer an option for bone regeneration as it has withdrawn off the market. PDGF-BB grafts in studies have shown PDGF had similar fusion rates to autologous grafts and fewer adverse effects. There is also an FDA-approved bioactive molecule for bone regeneration, a peptide P-15. P-15 was found to be effective, safe, and have similar outcomes to autograft at 2 years post-op for cervical radiculopathy due to cervical degenerative disc disease. Growth factors and bioactive molecules show some promising results in bone regeneration, although more research is needed to avoid their adverse effects and learn about the long-term effects of these therapies. There is a need of a bone regeneration method of similar quality of an autograft that is osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic. This review covers all FDA-approved bone regeneration therapies such as the "gold standard" autografts, allografts, synthetic bone grafts, and the newer growth factors/bioactive molecules. It also covers international bone grafts not yet approved in the United States and upcoming technologies in bone grafts.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.