ArticleBMC oral health2021
Inequality in dental care expenditure in Iranian households: analysis of income quintiles and educational levels.
Article in BMC oral health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- A national-wide analysis of dental services utilization in primary health care settings in rural areas of Iran.Journal of education and health promotion · 2026Article
- How unequally is consumption of products harmful to health distributed between Iranian households?Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Prevalence and trend of periodontal diseases in Iran from 1990 to 2017: a national study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of Hepatitis D Virus and Associated Factors in Patients Referred to Level Three Hepatitis Clinic, Fars Province, Southern Iran.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Factors associated with dental care utilization among Iranian adult populations based on Anderson model.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Association Between Dental Expenditure and Socioeconomic Status in Iran.International dental journal · 2024Article
- To appreciate the influence of contributed determinants on dental care utilization in the context of socio-economic inequalities.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Patients' knowledge about dental emergencies, COVID-19 transmission, and required preparations in dental settings.PloS one · 2024Article
- Inequality in dental flossing behavior among Korean adults based on household income levels.Epidemiology and health · 2024Article
- Medical expenditure and its inequity for people with disabilities: Evidence from the CHARLS 2018 data.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Dental health of pediatric patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) after three years of burosumab therapy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOral health is a major public health issue which affects the human life. Access to dental care is one of the important factors in maintaining oral health. This study was aimed to investigate inequality in dental care expenditure in Iranian households.
methodsThe present study is a secondary analysis of a national cross-sectional survey. The data collected from the Households Income and Expenditure Survey in 2016 and 2017. The final sample consisted of 54,354 households living in rural and urban regions of all the provinces. Inequalities in household's dental care expenditure per capita in respect to income quintiles and educational level were measured based on the Gini coefficient and concentration index.
resultsThe results showed that about 8% of households had paid for dental care during the month before sampling. The Gini coefficient value was estimated to be 0.97 and 0.96 for dental care expenditure per capita respectively in absolute and relative measure. It indicated a significant inequality in the dental expenditure among the sample households. The values of concentration index were positive and significant for all dental care subcategories in respect to the provincial and national income quintiles as well as the educational level of the head of the household.
conclusionsIncome and educational inequality in the both absolute and relative dental services expenditure of the Iranian households were in favor of higher income groups as well as higher educational level of household heads. Income inequality was higher in total dental care expenditure per capita and all its subcategories than the educational inequalities of dental expenditure. In order to reduce these inequalities, the policymakers need to pay special attention to low-income households, particularly those with low-educated heads.
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