ArticlemBio2021
Cryptococcus gattii Species Complex as an Opportunistic Pathogen: Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with the Infection.
Article in mBio, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Geographical distribution of the Cryptococcus gattii species complex: a systematic review.The Lancet. Microbe · 2024Pooled it
- Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of cryptococcosis: an initiative of the ECMM and ISHAM in cooperation with the ASM.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Guideline
- Anti-cytokine autoantibodies in cryptococcal meningitis differ by HIV status: A cross-sectional analysis.Medical mycology · 2026Article
- An Emerging Infectious Yeast to Watch:Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- mGem: When immunity turns against itself-GM-CSF autoantibodies drive opportunistic infection risk.mBio · 2025Review
- Target product profile and discovery and development path for novel cryptococcal disease treatments.The Journal of infection · 2025Review
- Human immunity to fungal infections.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Elevated UDP-glucuronic acid levels mend drug resistance and stress responses via a protease and a transporter inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Cryptococcal nutrient acquisition and pathogenesis: dining on the host.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Cryptococcal infection: host immunity, immune evasion and emerging immunotherapeutic strategies.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Article
- The Pathogenic Role of Anti-Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Autoantibodies in the Nocardiosis with the Central Nervous System Involvement.Journal of clinical immunology · 2024Article
- Autoantibodies Neutralizing GM-CSF in HIV-Negative Colombian Patients Infected with Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans.Journal of clinical immunology · 2024Article
- The CARD9 Gene in Koalas (Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Antifungal Resistance in Cryptococcal Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The emerging links between immunosenescence in innate immune system and neurocryptococcosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Divergent paths:Current medical mycology · 2024Article
- Cryptococcal meningitis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Tocilizumab as a Potential Adjunctive Therapy to Corticosteroids in Cryptococcal Post-infectious Inflammatory Response Syndrome (PIIRS): a Report of Two Cases.Journal of clinical immunology · 2023Article
- Persistent neurological symptoms and elevated intracranial pressures in a previously healthy host with cryptococcal meningitis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
23 authors at 11 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The Cryptococcus gattii species complex has often been referred to as a primary pathogen due to its high infection frequency among apparently immunocompetent patients. In order to scrutinize the immune status of patients and the lineages of etiologic agents, we analyzed patient histories and the molecular types of etiologic agents from 135 global C. gattii cases. Eighty-six of 135 patients had been diagnosed as immunocompetent, although some of them had underlying medical issues, and 49 were diagnosed as immunocompromised with risk factors similar to those seen in Cryptococcus neoformans infection. We focused on the 86 apparently immunocompetent patients and were able to obtain plasma from 32 (37%) to analyze for the presence of autoantibodies against the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) since these antibodies have been reported as a hidden risk factor for C. gattii infection. Among the 32 patients, 25 were free from any known other health issues, and 7 had various medical conditions at the time of diagnosis for cryptococcosis. Importantly, plasma from 19 (76%) of 25 patients with no recognized underlying medical condition showed the presence of GM-CSF autoantibodies, supporting this antibody as a major hidden risk factor for C. gattii infection. These data indicate that seemingly immunocompetent people with C. gattii infection warrant detailed evaluation for unrecognized immunologic risks. There was no relationship between molecular type and underlying conditions of patients. Frequency of each molecular type was related to its geographic origin exemplified by the overrepresentation of VGIV in HIV-positive (HIV+) patients due to its prevalence in Africa.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.