ArticlePloS one2021
Behavioural synchronization in a multilevel society of feral horses.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Observations on Anti-Predator Defense Behavior in Feral Horses in Venezuela.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Equine-assisted coaching in formerly incarcerated men with histories of substance abuse: a 12-week exploratory study of anger regulation, quality of life, human-horse synchrony, and equine behavior.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Article
- Close encounters of the friendly kind: pacific between-group interactions in primates.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2025Review
- Yawning in sync: implications for social cohesion in horses.Current zoology · 2025Article
- Identifying Novel Emotions and Wellbeing of Horses from Videos Through Unsupervised Learning.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The rhythm of horse gaits.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Article
- Social Relationships of Captive Bachelor Przewalski's Horses and Their Effect on Daily Activity and Space Use.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Article
- Oxytocin homogenizes horse group organization.iScience · 2024Article
- Harem size should be measured by more than the sum of its parts: Phenology-based measurements reveal joint effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on a polygamous herbivore under non-stationary climatic conditions.Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Fine-scale collective movements reveal present, past and future dynamics of a multilevel society in Przewalski's horses.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Drone Observation for the Quantitative Study of Complex Multilevel Societies.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Equine Social Behaviour: Love, War and Tolerance.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Horses wait for more and better rewards in a delay of gratification paradigm.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Behavioural synchrony among individuals is essential for group-living organisms. The functioning of synchronization in a multilevel society, which is a nested assemblage of multiple social levels between many individuals, remains largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to build a model that explained the synchronization of activity in a multilevel society of feral horses. Multi-agent-based models were used based on four hypotheses: A) horses do not synchronize, B) horses synchronize with any individual in any unit, C) horses synchronize only within units, and D) horses synchronize across and within units, but internal synchronization is stronger. The empirical data obtained from drone observations best supported hypothesis D. This result suggests that animals in a multilevel society coordinate with other conspecifics not only within a unit but also at an inter-unit level. In this case, inter-individual distances are much longer than those in most previous models which only considered local interaction within a few body lengths.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.