ArticleEuropean archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience2022
Long-term consequences of COVID-19 on cognitive functioning up to 6 months after discharge: role of depression and impact on quality of life.
Article in European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Long-term neurological and cognitive impact of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis in over 4 million patients.BMC neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Global prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective evidence.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2025Pooled it
- [Cognition and Long COVID: A PRISMA Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies].Revista de neurologia · 2025Pooled it
- Cognitive domains affected post-COVID-19; a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Attention and memory after COVID-19 as measured by neuropsychological tests: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta psychologica · 2023Pooled it
- Late neurological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection: New challenges for the neurologist.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinically Relevant Executive Functions Tests Performance after COVID-19.Behavioural neurology · 2023Pooled it
- The Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Cognitive Function and the Implication for Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of depression in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients: An umbrella review of meta-analyses.General hospital psychiatryPooled it
- Profiles of Individuals With Long COVID Reporting Persistent Cognitive Complaints.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2025Trial
- Cognitive and affective psychoeducation for Long COVID: a randomized controlled trial.Brain communications · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Post-Acute COVID-19 Symptoms Clusters and Work Status.Occupational Health · 2026Article
- Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Trajectories in a Post-COVID Cohort: A Descriptive Longitudinal Study.Neurology international · 2026Article
- Subjective and objective working memory deficits in the post-acute phase of COVID-19 in a clinical trial population.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Article
- The impact of psychological distress on working memory during COVID-19 by disentangling cognitive deficits from emotional burden.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cytokine Blockade Attenuates Inflammation and Improves Depressive Psychopathology After COVID-19: A Naturalistic Observational Study.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Observational
- Cognitive reserve, depressive symptoms, obesity, and change in employment status predict mental processing speed and executive function after COVID-19.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Observational
- Neurocognitive Impairment After COVID-19: Mechanisms, Phenotypes, and Links to Alzheimer's Disease.Brain sciences · 2025Review
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neurologic and psychiatric symptoms have been reported in the months following the infection with COVID-19. A low-grade inflammation has been associated both with depression and cognitive symptoms, suggesting a link between these disorders. The aim of the study is to investigate cognitive functioning 6 months following hospital discharge for COVID-19, the impact of depression, and the consequences on quality of life. Ninety-two COVID-19 survivors evaluated at 1-month follow-up, 122 evaluated at 3 months and 98 evaluated at 6 months performed neuropsychological and psychiatric evaluations and were compared with a healthy comparison group (HC) of 165 subjects and 165 patients with major depression (MDD). Cognitive performances were adjusted for age, sex, and education. Seventy-nine percent of COVID-19 survivors at 1 month and 75% at 3- and 6-month follow-up showed cognitive impairment in at least one cognitive function. No significant difference in cognitive performances was observed between 1-, 3-, and 6-months follow-up. COVID-19 patients performed worse than HC but better than MDD in psychomotor coordination and speed of information processing. No difference between COVID-19 survivors and MDD was observed for verbal fluency, and executive functions, which were lower than in HC. Finally, COVID-19 survivors performed the same as HC in working memory and verbal memory. The factor that most affected cognitive performance was depressive psychopathology which, in turn, interact with cognitive functions in determining quality of life. Our results confirm that COVID-19 sequelae include signs of cognitive impairment which persist up to 6 months after hospital discharge and affect quality of life.
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