SynthesisJournal of research in health sciences2021
Factors for the Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.
Synthesis in Journal of research in health sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Dietary factors associated with breast cancer among women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- An Integrative Review of Exclusive Breast Milk Expression.Journal of midwifery & women's healthPooled it
- Article
- Study the Expression of Two Circular RNAs, hsa_circ_0003227 and hsa_circ_0001666, in the Primary Breast Cancer Cell Line BT-20 and the Metastatic Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Lower-Cost Nonsurgical Primary Prevention Strategies for Women at High Risk of Breast Cancer: A Scoping Review.The breast journal · 2026Article
- The Incidence of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in Relation to Occupational Exposure to Textile Fibers and Dusts in Montreal, Canada, 2008-2011.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine · 2025Article
- Association of lifestyle factors with breast cancer incidence: An overview of systematic reviews.Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu · 2025Article
- Correlation between laparoscopic radical resection and tumor markers in peritoneal irrigation fluid.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2025Article
- Role of physical activity in cancer prevention: An update.World journal of clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Emotional distress and quality of life in high and moderate penetrance germline mutations carriers diagnosed with breast cancer: a preliminary study.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Vacuum-Assisted Excision of B3 Lesions: A District General Hospital Experience.The Indian journal of radiology & imaging · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Temporal trend and spatial analysis of breast cancer mortality in Paraná, 2012-2021.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2025Article
- Modifiable Risk Factors Including Self-Perceived Stress for Breast Cancer in Hong Kong: A Case-Control Study of 10 757 Subject.Clinical Medicine Insights. Oncology · 2025Article
- Psychometric Properties of the Lactation Assessment and Comprehensive Intervention Tool (LAT).Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2024Article
- Review
- The Influence of Microbiota on Breast Cancer: A Review.Cancers · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis report provided the effect of 15 preventable factors on the risk of breast cancer incidence. STUDY
designA systematic review and meta-analysis.
methodsA detailed research was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases in January 2020. Reference lists were also screened. Prospective cohort studies addressing the associations between breast cancer and 15 factors were analyzed. Between-study heterogeneity was investigated using the χ2, τ2, and I2 statistics. The probability of publication bias was explored using the Begg and Egger tests and trim-and-fill analysis. Effect sizes were expressed as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model.
resultsBased on the results, out of 147,083 identified studies, 197 were eligible, including 19,413,702 participants. The RRs (95% CI) of factors associated with breast cancer were as follows: cigarette smoking 1.07 (1.05, 1.09); alcohol drinking 1.10 (1.07, 1.12); sufficient physical activity 0.90 (0.86, 0.95); overweight/obesity in premenopausal 0.92 (0.82, 1.03) and postmenopausal 1.18 (1.13, 1.24); nulliparity 1.16 (1.03, 1.31); late pregnancy 1.37 (1.25, 1.50); breastfeeding 0.87 (0.81, 0.93); ever using oral contraceptive 1.00 (0.96, 1.05); ever using estrogen 1.13 (1.04, 1.23); ever using progesterone 1.02 (0.84, 1.24); ever using estrogen/progesterone 1.60 (1.42, 1.80); ever taking hormone replacement therapy 1.26 (1.20, 1.32); red meat consumption 1.05 (1.00, 1.11); fruit/vegetable consumption 0.87 (0.83, 0.90); and history of radiation therapy, based on single study 1.31 (0.87, 1.98).
conclusionThis meta-analysis provided a clear picture of several factors associated with the development of breast cancer. Moreover, the useful information in this study may be utilized for ranking and prioritizing preventable risk factors to implement effective prevention programs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.